مروری بر جنبه های مختلف شست ‌وشو در صنعت شیر

نویسندگان
فرنوش لواف پور 1
فرزانه شجاعی آزاد 1
هنگامه صادقی 1
سمیه سیاهوشی 1
حمید عزت پناه 2
1 بخش توسعه و تحقیقات، شرکت پاکروپارت، تهران، ایران
2 گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم تحقیقات، تهران، ایران
10.52547/fsct.17.102.175
چکیده
ایمنی مواد غذایی از مهم ترین اهداف صنعت شیر است. پاکیزه‌سازی تجهیزات نه تنها به منظور مطابقت با استانداردهای شیر و فرآورده‌های شیری، بلکه از منظر زیست محیطی نیز اهمیت ویژه‌ای دارد. چالش­های پاکیزه‌سازی مبدل‌های حرارتی و غشاء‌ها از سایر معضلات مربوطه در مراحل فرآوری شیر مهم‌ترند و از آن جایی که به ندرت با روش‌های متداول تاثیر می‌پذیرند، در این مقاله کاربرد روش‌های نوظهوری چون استفاده از آنزیم‌ها و امواج فراصوت مرور شده­اند. خصوصیات مواد ورودی، به ویژه ترکیب آن (آلی یا معدنی)، غلظت و دما به عنوان تاثیرگذارترین عوامل بر ترسیب‌ ترکیبات شیر بر سطوح حرارت دیده و ایجاد گرفتگی غشاء محسوب می‌شوند. اگرچه ویژگی‌های عوامل پاک کننده همچون غلظت، سرعت جریان، زمان، تنش برشی و دما حائز اهمیت هستند، اما انتخاب شوینده­های مناسب و ترتیب استفاده از آنها در برنامه شست­وشو، مهم ترین عوامل پاکیزه سازی به شمار می­آیند. این مقاله همچنین به روند پیشرفت روش­های کنترل و پایش برنامه‌های پاکیزه‌سازی، از به کارگیری شاخص اکسیژن شیمیایی مورد نیاز، سنجش کلسیم و تعیین کدورت تا استفاده از حسگرهایی بر پایه هدایت الکتریکی و امواج فراصوت می‌پردازد. در نهایت به طور خلاصه راه حل‌هایی جهت کاهش معضلات زیست محیطی حاصل از به کار بردن پاک کننده های شیمیایی در این صنعت مورد بحث قرار گرفته‌اند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
شست‌وشو درجا
مبدل حرارتی
غشاء
کنترل و پایش
پاکیزه‌سازی آنزیمی

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Various aspects of cleaning in dairy industry: A review

نویسندگان English

Farnoush Lavafpour 1
Farzaneh Shojaei Azad 1
Hengameh Sadeghi 1
Somayeh Siahvoshi 1
Hamid Ezzatpanah 2
1 2nd,No10, Afarand Ave, Farzin Ave, Bagherkhan Ave, Tehran, IRAN
2 Department Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University, Daneshgah Blvd, Simon Bulivar Blvd, Tehran
چکیده English

Food safety is a crucial goal for dairy industry. Cleaning of dairy equipment is critical not only to meet milk and milk product`s standards but also from environmental points of view. Sanitation challenges of heat exchangers and membranes dominates over the other deficiencies considerably in dairy processing steps that have been hardly affected by conventional methods(conventionally)that are updated through this paper by utilizingemerging paths such as enzymes and ultrasound, respectively. Moreover, incoming materials specifications, importantly composition (i.e. organic or inorganic), concentration, and temperatureare known as prominent impactful parameters on either milk components deposition on heated surfaces or imposing fouling on membranes. Although, cleaning agents` properties namely: concentration, flow, pH, sheer stress, and temperature are influential features, sanitizers selection and their application sequence in cleaning program should be considered as the most determinants factors. The article goes onadvancement of control and monitoringmethods of sanitation programs from COD, Calcium, and turbidity to conductivity and ultrasound sensors. Finally, it discusses a brief solution to tackle some environmental problems regarding the usage of chemicals for cleaning in dairy industry.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Cleaning in Place
Heat Exchanger
Membrane
Control and Monitoring
Enzymatic Cleaning
1-GRANT CS, WEBB GE, JEON YW. A noninvasive study of milk cleaning processes: Calcium phosphate removal. Journal of food process engineering. 1997 Jul;20(3):197-230.
2-Jeurnink TJ, Brinkman DW. The cleaning of heat exchangers and evaporators after processing milk or whey. International Dairy Journal. 1994 Jan 1;4(4):347-68.
3-Úbeda MA, Hussein WB, Hussein MA, Hinrichs J, Becker TM. Acoustic sensing and signal processing techniques for monitoring milk fouling cleaning operations. Engineering in Life Sciences. 2016 Jan;16(1):67-77.
4-Siobhan R, David G, Kieran J, Ambrose F, BERNADETTE OB. Evaluation of trichloromethane formation from chlorine‐based cleaning and disinfection agents in cow’s milk. International journal of dairy technology. 2012 Nov;65(4):498-502.
5-Boxler C, Augustin W, Scholl S. Cleaning of whey protein and milk salts soiled on DLC coated surfaces at high-temperature. Journal of food engineering. 2013 Jan 1;114(1):29-38.
7-Leclercq-Perlat MN, Tissier JP, Benezech T. Cleanability of stainless steel in relation to chemical modifications due to industrial cleaning procedures used in the dairy industry. Journal of food engineering. 1994 Jan 1;23(4):449-65.
8-TISSIER JP, CORRIEU G, LALANDE M. GENERAL AND KINETIC ASPECTS OF PRE‐RINSE AND CLEANING OF A MILK STORAGE TANK. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 1982 Jan;6(1):37-53.
9- Bird MR, Fryer PJ. Experimental study of the cleaning of surfaces fouled by whey proteins. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 1991 Mar;69(1):13-21.
10-Timperley DA, Smeulders CN. Cleaning of dairy HTST plate heat exchangers: optimization of the single‐stage procedure. International Journal of Dairy Technology. 1988 Feb;41(1):4-7
11- Grasshoff A. The influence of chemical components of caustic cleaners on incrusted milk deposits removal kinetics. Milchwirtschaftliche Forschungsberichte (Germany, FR). 1988.
12- Lalande M, Gallot-Lavallee T, Corrieu G. Chemical reactions and mass transfer associated with cleaning of heat exchange surfaces fouled by milk deposits. Engineering and Food, Vol. B. McKenna.
13-Graßhoff A. Enzymatic cleaning of milk pasteurizers. Food and bioproducts processing. 2002 Dec 1;80(4):247-52.
14-Boyce A, Piterina AV, Walsh G. Assessment of the potential suitability of selected commercially available enzymes for cleaning-in-place (CIP) in the dairy industry. Biofouling. 2010 Oct 5;26(7):837-50.
15-Boyce A, Walsh G. Identification of fungal proteases potentially suitable for environmentally friendly cleaning-in-place in the dairy industry. Chemosphere. 2012 Jun 1;88(2):211-8.
16-Paul T, Jana A, Das A, Mandal A, Halder SK, Mohapatra PK, Mondal KC. Smart cleaning-in-place process through crude keratinase: an eco-friendly cleaning techniques towards dairy industries. Journal of cleaner production. 2014 Aug 1;76:140-53.
17-Makardij A, Chen XD, Farid MM. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration of milk: some aspects of fouling and cleaning. Food and bioproducts processing. 1999 Jun 1;77(2):107-13.
18-D'souza NM, Mawson AJ. Membrane cleaning in the dairy industry: a review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2005 Mar 30;45(2):125-34.
19-Kazemimoghadam M, Mohammadi T. Chemical cleaning of ultrafiltration membranes in the milk industry. Desalination. 2007 Feb 5;204(1-3):213-8.
20-Daufin G, Merin U, Labbé JP, Quémerais A, Kerhervé FL. Cleaning of inorganic membranes after whey and milk ultrafiltration. Biotechnology and bioengineering. 1991 Jun 5;38(1):82-9.
21-Daufin G, Merin U, Kerherve FL, Labbe JP, Quemerais A, Bousser C. Efficiency of cleaning agents for an inorganic membrane after milk ultrafiltration. Journal of dairy research. 1992 Feb;59(1):29-38.
22-Paugam L, Rabiller-Baudry M, Delaunay D. Physico-chemical effect of simple alkaline and acid solutions in cleaning sequences of spiral ultrafiltration membranes fouled by skim milk. Desalination. 2006 Nov 20;200(1-3):192-4.
23-Paugam L, Delaunay D, Diagne NW, Rabiller-Baudry M. Cleaning of skim milk PES ultrafiltration membrane: on the real effect of nitric acid step. Journal of membrane science. 2013 Feb 1;428:275-80.
24-Rabiller-Baudry M, Paugam L, Bégoin L, Delaunay D, Fernandez-Cruz M, Phina-Ziebin C, De Guadiana CL, Chaufer B. Alkaline cleaning of PES membranes used in skimmed milk ultrafiltration: from reactor to spiral-wound module via a plate-and-frame module. Desalination. 2006 May 10;191(1-3):334-43.
25-Alvarez N, Gésan-Guiziou G, Daufin G. The role of surface tension of re-used caustic soda on the cleaning efficiency in dairy plants. International dairy journal. 2007 Apr 1;17(4):403-11.
26-Zhang W, Ding L, Jaffrin MY, Tang B. Membrane cleaning assisted by high shear stress for restoring ultrafiltration membranes fouled by dairy wastewater. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2017 Oct 1;325:457-65.
27-Trägårdh G, Johansson D. Purification of alkaline cleaning solutions from the dairy industry using membrane separation technology. Desalination. 1998 Sep 20;119(1-3):21-9.
28-Madaeni SS, Tavakolian HR, Rahimpour F. Cleaning optimization of microfiltration membrane employed for milk sterilization. Separation Science and Technology. 2011 Feb 25;46(4):571-80.
29-Muthukumaran S, Yang K, Seuren A, Kentish S, Ashokkumar M, Stevens GW, Grieser F. The use of ultrasonic cleaning for ultrafiltration membranes in the dairy industry. Separation and Purification Technology. 2004 Oct 1;39(1-2):99-107.
30-Muthukumaran S, Kentish S, Lalchandani S, Ashokkumar M, Mawson R, Stevens GW, Grieser F. The optimisation of ultrasonic cleaning procedures for dairy fouled ultrafiltration membranes. UltrasonicsSonochemistry. 2005 Jan 1;12(1-2):29-35.
31-Luján-Facundo MJ, Mendoza-Roca JA, Cuartas-Uribe B, Álvarez-Blanco S. Study of membrane cleaning with and without ultrasounds application after fouling with three model dairy solutions. Food and bioproducts processing. 2016 Oct 1;100:36-46.
32-Luján-Facundo MJ, Mendoza-Roca JA, Cuartas-Uribe B, Álvarez-Blanco S. Cleaning efficiency enhancement by ultrasounds for membranes used in dairy industries. Ultrasonicssonochemistry. 2016 Nov 1;33:18-25.
33-Salo S, Wirtanen G. Ultrasonic cleaning applications in dairies: Case studies on cheese moulds and milk transportation crates. British food journal. 2007 Jan 30;109(1):31-42.
34-Van Asselt AJ, Van Houwelingen G, TeGiffel MC. Monitoring system for improving cleaning efficiency of cleaning-in-place processes in dairy environments. Food and bioproducts processing. 2002 Dec 1;80(4):276-80.
35-Úbeda MA, Hussein WB, Hussein MA, Hinrichs J, Becker TM. Acoustic sensing and signal processing techniques for monitoring milk fouling cleaning operations. Engineering in Life Sciences. 2016 Jan;16(1):67-77.
36-Changani SD, Belmar-Beiny MT, Fryer PJ. Engineering and chemical factors associated with fouling and cleaning in milk processing. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. 1997 May 1;14(4):392-406.
37-Dresch M, Daufin G, Chaufer B. Integrated membrane regeneration process for dairy cleaning-in-place. Separation and Purification Technology. 2001 Mar 1;22:181-91.
38-GALLOT‐LAVALLEE TH, LALANDE M, CORRIEU G. An optical method to study the kinetics of cleaning milk deposits by sodium hydroxide. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 1982 Jul;5(3):131-43.
39-GALLOT‐LAVALLEE TH, LALANDE M, CORRIEU G. Cleaning kinetics modeling of holding tubes fouled during milk pasteurization 1. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 1984 Apr;7(2):123-42.
40-Eide MH, Homleid JP, Mattsson B. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of cleaning-in-place processes in dairies. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2003 May 1;36(3):303-14.