International Perspectives on the Safety Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs): A Comparative Analysis of Effectiveness and Transparency , Case Studies: United States, Canada, European Union, Brazil, China, Japan, India, Iran.

Shafaei Pahnabi, Fatemeh Homayra

doi:10.48311/fsct.2026.117561.82944

International Perspectives on the Safety Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs): A Comparative Analysis of Effectiveness and Transparency , Case Studies: United States, Canada, European Union, Brazil, China, Japan, India, Iran.

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Fatemeh Homayra Shafaei Pahnabi

Ministery of Jehad_Agriculture

10.48311/fsct.2026.117561.82944

Abstract

This research paper provides a comparative analysis of international and national regulatory bodies related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs), assessing their safety effectiveness and transparency in nine selected countries: Iran, India, China, Japan, Russia, the United States, Canada, the European Union, Brazil. This research has been conducted using a qualitative method and a comparative-documentary analysis approach. Data is collected through library and documentary methods including national laws and regulations, guidelines from regulatory agencies Such as the U.S. FDA and the EFSA of the European Union and the corresponding institutions in China, Japan, Brazil, India, Russia and Iran, scientific articles, policy reports, and documents of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and documents of international organizations WHO, FAO, CODEX, WTO have been collected and analyzed. Based on the findings, three divergent regulatory models were identified: product-based model (United States, Canada, Brazil), process-based model (European Union), strategic and limiting model (Russia, and to some extent China, India, Iran, Japan). It is worth mentioning that the emergence of new genomic techniques (NGTs) has created a new complexity in the international regulation of this field. The results of this research can help policymakers, regulators, and key stakeholders to balance safety concerns with the benefits of technology by moving from unresolved disputes to convergence, and to design a more sustainable future for agricultural biotechnology through efficient regulatory systems, Strategic investments (such as more sophisticated applications such as plant vaccines; the use of artificial intelligence in international platforms) to design a more sustainable future for agricultural biotechnology.

Keywords

bioengineered food safety regulations

GMO labeling

risk assessment of GMOs

International GMOs Safety Transparency Policies

Cartagena Protocol

comparative policy

Subjects

Genetically modified food products

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