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The beet cyst nematode (BCN) (Heterodera schachtii), and beet curly top virus-severe (BCTV-Svr) (Curtovirus betae) are two important pathogens of sugar beet fields worldwide. Therefore, the reaction of 14 genotypes was separately assessed, using Jolgeh and Sanetta cultivars as susceptible and resistant controls, respectively, in completely randomized design experiments for BCN and BCTV-Svr. Reactions were based on the cyst and egg counts and symptoms severity index. Experiments were performed in the greenhouse of Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, and were repeated twice independently. Based on the results of initial experiments, the S1-960090, S1-940324, S1-960294, and S1-960284 genotypes resistant to the BCN were selected for further investigation. Furthermore, the reaction of the four selected genotypes to BCN, BCTV-Svr, and the combination (mixture) of the two pathogens was evaluated by analyzing their growth, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, and virus accumulation. Resistant genotypes showed higher levels of defense-related enzymes such as catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase, whereas susceptible genotypes exhibited significant reductions in photosynthesis, greenness, and chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid content compared to non-inoculated and resistant plants. This is the first study conducted to search for dual-resistance sources against two devastating pathogens that frequently occur in the sugar beet-growing regions of Iran. Based on the results of this experiment, genotypes S1-960090 and S1-940324 were identified as resistant to both pathogens and are recommended for breeding purposes.
 

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Pear is one of the most important pome fruits in the world fruit market with a high nutritional value. This study was performed to determine the phenolic compounds and some chemical properties of the flesh and peel of 12 Asian and European pears. Chlorogenic acid and rutin were found the important phenolic compounds in the peel which were measured using HPLC. Fruit titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), firmness, color, nutrient elements, and total phenol contents were measured across the various cultivars. Potassium was the most abundant nutrient, followed by nitrogen and calcium, respectively. As the total phenol increased, so did the amount of rutin. Principal components analysis (PCA) of all data showed that European and Asian pear cultivars were categorized and placed into two distinct groups. In general, the different European and Asian pear studied cultivars were different in terms of most of the studied biochemical traits, and significant relationships were observed between some traits.
 

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The biocontrol activity of two isolates of Candida membranifaciens against grey mold of apple fruit caused by Botrytis mali and their ability to induce biochemical defense responses in apple tissue were investigated. Apple fruit (Malus domestica) wounds were inoculated with 50 µl yeast suspension (1 × 10⁷ CFU/ml) of C. membranifaciens followed 4 h later by 20 µl of conidial suspension of B. mali (1 × 10⁵ conidia/ml). The apples were then incubated at 20 ºC for 8 days. Lesion diameter sizes were measured 4 and 8 days after pathogen inoculation. In addition to controlling grey mold, these two isolates of C. membranifaciens caused increases in peroxidase and β-1, 3-glucanase activities. These isolates also caused inhibition in catalase activity. The accumulation of phenolic compounds was increased in apple fruit treated with antagonists and inoculated with B. mali and reached its highest level 6 days after treatment. The ability of C. membranifaciens to affect H2O2-metobolizing enzymes and increase levels of β-1, 3-glucanase activity and phenolic compounds may be some of mechanisms responsible for its biocontrol activity.  

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The effect of nonylphenol on vitellogenin and zona pellucida 3.1 expressions in the liver, spleen, gill and muscle tissues of the juvenile Persian sturgeon were investigated. The fish were initially injected per kilogram of their body weights with 100mg nonylphenol, 5mg 17 beta estradiol, and 2ml peanut oil carrier agent (respectively, for the main treatment, positive and negative controls), and had the extracted RNA of their tissues converted into cDNA. Afterwards, RT-PCR reaction for each tissue sample was done separately. Results showed vitellogenin gene was expressed only in the liver, but zona pellucid 3.1 gene was expressed in the liver as well as the spleen of the fish exposed to nonylphenol and 17 beta estradiol. No vitellogenin gene in the spleen, gill and muscle was expressed; no gene for zona pellucida 3.1 was either observed in the gill and muscle. The expression rate of vitellogenin gene was 9.95±2.48 for the treatment with 17 beta estradiol and 2.85 ± 0.35 with nonylphenol; the expression rate of zona pellucida 3.1 was 9/98 ± 2/51 for exposed treatment with 17 beta estradiol and 3.37±0.35 for the treatment with nonylphenol. In conclusion, considering the meaningful effect of nonylphenol on vitellogenin and zona pellucid 3.1 expression in liver and spleen, it could be used for detection of xenoestrogen biomarker in the Persian sturgeon.

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Intra-specific variations in apex development of two salt-tolerant cultivars (Cross Rowshan 11 (CR) and Kharchia-65) and one salt-sensitive cultivar (Ghods) of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in sand culture at selected levels of salinity (0, 100, 200, and 300 mol m-3 NaCl and CaCl2 in 5:1 molar ratio) were studied. To determine the apex lengths and the number of spikelet primordia in the apex, the main shoot apex was dissected. Results indicated that final spikelet number of wheat cultivars decreased with increasing salinity. Cultivars showed different responses to a particular level of salinity. Duration of spikelet development from double ridge to terminal spikelet, spikelet number and apex length declined in the presence of salinity. Both shorter duration and reduced rate of spikelet initiation were responsible for reduction in spikelet number in salt-treated plants. Cultivar CR showed a better performance during spikelet initiation period and produced relatively more spikelets under saline conditions than the others.

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The effect of pistachio green hull (PGH) at 0, 1.5, 4.5, 13.5 and 27% of the diet on the growth, blood biochemical and hematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of 27.03±0.58 g was investigated in a completely randomized design and in three replications with 14 fish individuals in each. At the end of 8 weeks feeding trial, blood samples were randomly taken from 4 individulas in each replication. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in SGR and FCR between 27% treatment and other treatments. No significant differences in Alb, Glo, Tg, GOT (p>0.05) were observed among treatments. Tp (2.76±0.15 g/dl), LDH (2139±44.26 IU/l), ALP (331.9±21.4 IU/l), GPT (407±17.82 IU/l), Hb (8.73±0.7 g/dl) and Hct (33.33±2.28%) had significant differences in group receiving 27% PGH compared with other group (p<0.05). Results showed that high levels of PGH in the diet of rainbow trout had adverse effects on health and growth factors.

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The aim of this project is the design and optimization of the formulation of epoxy adhesives for bonding metal to composite parts . This joints are most widely used in the aerospace industry to reduce stress concentration at a point. Joints for single edge joining include stainless steel metal with commercial code 316L and composite epoxy resin / carbon fiber. In this study, the effect of three types of additives: filler (alumina micro-particles), nylon 6.6 and phenolic resin (type of resin) on the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy adhesive have been investigated. Tensile test results showed that increasing alumina fillers increases the tensile strength and overlap shear adhesive samples, respectively, in single lap joint dumbbells and elderly. The test showed that increasing the amount of nylon 6.6 When is slightly higher due to a sharp drop in tensile strength and overlap shear, respectively, in both cases is dog bone and single lap joint adhesives. This limit depends on the capacity epoxy ring to absorb amide hydrogens. The test for thermal properties (TGA) showed that increasing the amount of phenolic thermal stability is improved. High-temperature tensile test of appropriateness is also increasing impact of phenolic resin. Finally, the adhesive properties built with the similar adhesive (UHU) were compared. Results showed superiority in single lap joint metal to composite adhesive is made in the study.

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The objective of this study was to identify the species of thrips associated with rice crops in order to determine population fluctuation of the dominant species. Studies were conducted during the month of April to August in the year 2017 form different growth stages of rice in Babolsar city, Mazandaran Province (Northern Iran). Samplings were done from four fields located at two sites, KeyxaMahalle and MirBazar. A total of seven species of thrips belonging to four genera and two families (Thripidae and Phlaeothripidae) were identified. Amongst them, Haplothrips eragrostidis Priesner was the dominant species accounting for 75.47% in abundance. This was followed by Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan comprising 6.47%. The other species include Anaphothrips sudanensis Trybom, Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom), F. tenuicornis (Uzel), Thrips tabaci Lindeman and Haplothrips flavicinctus (Karny) which comprised of4.85%, 4.32%, 4.31%, 4.04% and 0.54% respectively. The maximum number of thrips species was found in the middle of July and minimum in the month of May. Assessment of thrips abundance in rice fields were started at the beginning of dough stage and were continued until complete maturity.

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Some plant extracts have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial properties. Plant based pesticides appear to be an alternative for the synthetic pesticides because of their less dangerous impacts. The objective of this study was to assess the inhibitory activity of Brassica napus water extract on mycelial growth of six phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani, Phythophtora drechseleri, Pythium aphanidermatum, Verticellium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum, and Gaeumannomyces graminis. Antifungal activity test was performed by disc diffusion method. Concentrations of 100 and 50 ppm had the highest and the lowest inhibitory effects on all studied species respectively. The shoot extract (SE) was significantly exerted higher antifungal activity than root extract (RE). At 100 ppm, V. dahliae (17.02% inhibition by RE) and F. oxysporum (50% inhibition by SE) were the most sensitive species however, R. solani (1.8 and 15%) was the most resistant fungus to both extracts. Active compounds of B. napus extract were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phenolic compounds had the highest concentrations in extracts and are probably the main cause of the mycelial growth inhibition. Application of canola aqueous extract or incorporation of canola in crop rotation program can be considered as a method for management of some soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi.

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Solvent extraction and taguchi method were used to optimize conditions for the antioxidant activity of Azolla fern extracts. The independent processing variables were ethanol concentration, extraction time and solid to solvent ratio. Ethanol concentration and solvent to solid ratio significantly affected antioxidant activity measured by the total phenol content (p < 0.05). whereas the extraction time did not significantly affect the activity (p > 0.05). Antioxidant activity of the extracts, determined by the total phenolic content, varied from 5.77 to 16.42 mg acid gallic equivalents/g of dry sample. DPPH scavenging activity percentage ranged from %20.51 to %93.71. Ethanol concentration of %50 and sample to solvent ratio of 1 to 15 were optimal for the highest antioxidant activities measured by the TPC assay and the DPPH method. The optimal extraction time was 48h. The result show that azolla fern is suitable for antioxidant extraction.

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Botrytis fabae is one of the most important fungal pathogens attacking the leaves and the stem of faba bean Viciafaba L. and causes severe yield losses. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of four chemical inducers (salicylic, citric, ascorbic and oxalic acids) and one fungicide (Carbendazim) against B. fabae in field and glasshouse conditions. Under field conditions for two seasons and glasshouse experiments, plants treated with salicylic acid showed substantial and significant decrease in the disease severity on the leaves and the stem compared with the control and the fungicide. Salicylic acid was highly effective and controlled the disease better than Carbendazim which provided only partial protection. In vitro, the inhibition of fungal growth was investigated and showed that salicylic acid was the best inhibitor of fungal growth (48%) followed by oxalic (39%), ascorbic (33%) and citric (10%) acids 6 days after incubation. An important increase of total phenols was recorded in treatment by salicylic acid in the healthy and infected leaves of faba bean 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after inoculation. These promising results on the control of the main fungal disease damaging faba bean in Tunisia and other regions will have an important impact on faba bean production.
 

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  The amount and composition of tocopherols and phenols, two main naturalantioxidants in olive oil, have been evaluated and analysed by HPLC  in seven different brands of  Iranian olive oil. Results showed that phenol and tocopherol amounts In Iran, because of long time and high temperature of malaxation and also type of extraction or even type of variety, polyphenols and tocopherols content of Iranian olive oil are low and were put on the category of low polyphenol olive oils and seems they don’t have nutritional value as virgin olive oil.

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  In this experiment, acetone was used to extract the phenolic compounds of grape pomace by colorimetric method (Folin-Ciocalteu). The phenolics extract levels of 50, 150, 250 and 350 ppm were used to assess their antioxidant activity in raw soybean oil. On day 0, 4, 8 and 12 the proxide value for soybean oil was estimated. Also, the TBA value for soybean oil on day 0, 5, 9 and 13 was estimated. The results showed that the phenolic compounds whose content in grape pomace is 64 g/kg DM has an antioxidant activity. The level of 150 ppm of tannin extract from grape pomace showed a desirable activity to prevent the oxidation of raw soybean oil. The antioxidant activity of this level was higher than those obtained by the level 200 ppm from synthetic antioxidants. Therefore, the use of phenolic compound in grape pomace as natural antioxidants can be recommended.  

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Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate chemical composition, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activity of cardamom essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae species.
Materials & Methods: The chemical compositions of cardamom essential oil were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) device. Cardamom essential oil antioxidant activity was measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and its total phenolic compounds (TPC) were measured by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of cardamom essential oil were determined using the serial-dilution method.
Findings: According to the GC-MS analysis results, 17 compounds were totally identified in cardamom essential oil, among which the most important compounds were 1, 8-cineole (36.74%) and α-terpinyl acetate (33.07%). MICs obtained for S. aureus, E. coli, and S. cerevisiae were 12.50, 25.00, and 1.56 mg/mL, respectively. Also, MBC obtained for both S. aureus and E. coli was 25 mg/mL, while MBC for S. cerevisiae was 3.36 mg/mL. Antioxidant activity measurement results showed that increasing the amount of cardamom essential oil reduced the amount of color and absorbance of DPPH solution to 517 nm. The results also showed that the amount of TPC in cardamom essential oil was 214.35 mg gallic acid per 100 g of dry material.
Conclusion: Cardamom essential oil used in this study showed antibacterial and anti-yeast activities against S. aureus, E. coli, and S. cerevisiae species. Antimicrobial effects of cardamom essential oil were predictable due to the presence of antimicrobial components in this oil.

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Free radicals, having one or more unpaired electrons in the outer orbit, which are oxygen-centred free radicals, sometimes known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). The oxidative stress imposed by ROS plays an important role in many chronic and degenerative diseases. The aim of the present research was undertaken to study the antioxidant activity and polyphenolic content in the different extracts of sea urchin Echinometra mathaei. Different extracts (spine, shell, gonad and aristotol lantern) of sea urchin were isolated by three solvents (n- hexan, ethyl acetate, methanol). Antioxidant activity of extracts was assessed by measured reducing power, DPPH free radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity assays, and compared with the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluent (BHT) and Ascorbic acid. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured spectrophotometrically. According to the results of the study, highest the reducing power and free radical-scavenging activity of the methanolic shell and methanolic spine, respectively. In total antioxidant capacity assay, the antioxidant activity of aristotol lantern ethyl acetate, spine and gonad n-hexan was higher as compared to that of the ascorbic acid. The highest total phenol and flavonoid compound content per gram of the methanolic spine were 0.0044±0.0003 mg gallic acid equivalents and 24.616±0.7167 mg quercetin equivalents, respectively. Significant differences were observed at P

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The melon aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover), is one of the major pests of cucurbits and an efficient vector of plant viruses such as Cucumber Mosaic Virus. Host-plant resistance is one of the management strategies that can be used to control this pest. In this study, choice test was conducted to identify antixenotic resistance against melon aphid in eight Cucumis genotypes, namely Hormozgan, Bushehr, Guilan, Girtap, Negeen, Sepehr, Pouya and Armenian cucumber. Choice tests were conducted at 25 ± 1 ºC, 60 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h. After introduction of apterous adult aphids to test arena, the number of aphids on each entry was counted at 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours of release. Total phenolic content, NPK essential elements, leaf thickness and leaf trichome density were also measured to discover any association between these factors and aphid host choice. The most antixenosis effect was observed on 'Bushehr'. Increase in antixenosis correlated with increase in leaf trichomes. Antixenosis can be important mode of resistance by reducing host selection and delaying aphid colonization. The identification of antixenotic resistance in several genotypes provides additional options for management of this pest. Moreover, the factors associated with this mode of resistance can be considered in plant breeding programs.

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The extraction of hydrocolloids from seaweeds is associated with production of secondary metabolites during pretreatment step. In this study, the antioxidant properties were evaluated for secondary metabolites from brown seaweed S. angustifolium. The crude extract obtained by 80% ethanol for four hours and then partitioned using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water. The extraction yield was found to be 4% for crude extract and varied between 2.8-43% for fractions. The evaluation of antioxidant properties revealed a successful solvent fractionation in portioning antioxidant compounds. Among various fractions, ethyl acetate exhibited the highest activity in DPPH radical scavenging (75.78%), ABTS radical scavenging (88.92%), reducing power (67.54%) and total antioxidant (0.34 Abs) capacities. The highest amount of phenolic contents was found in ethyl acetate fraction (277.86 mg/ TA in extract) while the lowest amount was in aqueous fraction (21.36 mg/ TA in extract). The highest correlation (R² = 0.88) was observed between total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity. Overall, the results of current study show that ethanol extract of S. angustifolium contains major bioactive compounds suggesting its potential application in food industry as a natural antioxidant.  

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Nowadays, replacement of the synthetic antioxidants by natural ones has been noticed in the food industry. Seaweeds with rich sources of antioxidant compounds will be excellent choice for this purpose. In the study Effect of the use of water and different organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol and methanol 50% on the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity was studied for two species of red algae Hypnea hamulosa and Gracilaria corticata of Persian Gulf. Extraction was performed using conventional solvent extraction method and the ratio of 1:20 algae: solvent. The results indicated that acetone extracts (50%) had the highest values in the total phenol contents (0.31 mg tannic acid / g algal powder), ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.06 mg tannic acid / g algal powder), DPPH radical scavenging activity 76.11% (p<0.05). Total antioxidant activity of this extract showed no significant difference with ethanolic extracts (50%) and aqueous extract (p> 0.05). Comparison of two algal species showed that in all factors except total antioxidant activity, algal species Gracilaria corticata had a higher antioxidant activity (p<0.05). Therefore conclude that solvents with different polarities have a significant effect on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

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Abstract
Research subject: In this research, the synthesis method of phenol-formaldehyde resin has been investigated, which can be used in the wood and chipboard industry. This resin is prepared in two forms, Novolac and Resole, which different products are formed by changing the reaction conditions. Resole is used as a liquid adhesive in the wood and chipboard industry.
Research approach:  Various parameters are effective in the synthesis of the resin and the properties of the final product such as the molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol, the pH of the reaction medium, the temperature and time of the reaction, and the amount of water released from the reaction. The synthesis of this material was carried out under reaction conditions with the molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol from 1.84 to 2.50, the reaction medium pH from 4.0 to 10.85, the reaction temperature from 80 to 100 ^◦C, the reaction time from 0.5 to 4 h, and the water output amount in the term of dehydration dimensionless number from 0.18 to 1.02.
Main results: The results showed that the maximum product stability time was obtained for 18 days at the molar ratio of 2, the alkaline medium at pH 9 to 10, the reaction temperature at 90 to 95 ^◦C, and reaction time at 2 h. Moreover, viscosity, density, gelation time, and percentage of solids were obtained 180 cP, 1.224 g/cm³, 30 S, and 51.20%, respectively. Product properties were optimized by adding diethylene glycol and urea. The stability time increased to 105 days by adding 8% diethylene glycol and the free formaldehyde amount in the product decreased to 1.29% by adding 4% urea. According to the properties of the created product, the obtained reaction conditions can be used for the mass production of the resin.