---

The aims of this study was improve the rheological charactristics of gelatin obtained from the skin of the Big head by rheological test. In this study gelatin  was extracted from big head (Hypophtalmichthys nobilis) fish skin and the effect of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) on gelatin in different concentrations (1, 3 and 6 u/g gelatin) and reaction times (15, 30 and 60 minutes) was examined. The result showed that addition of MTGase in minimum concentration and reaction time ( 1u/g gelatin in 15 minute reaction time) increase the gel strength from 228±1g to 250g significantly  (p≤0.01) whitout the changing the color of result gelatin. Furthermore, increasing concentrations of MTGase redused the gel strength of gelatin. Also the addition  of MTGase increased the viscosity in all shear rates and improved melting and gelling point. The increase in storage modulus (G') values with the addition of MTGase indicated the formation of firmer gels and also changes in G' and G" values during the heating and cooling sweep test showed increase in melting point and gelling point. It is conclude that the application of 1-6 U/g of MTase can improve the quality of driven gelatin from big head fish.

---

Celiac is life-long intolerance to the glidin fraction of wheat and the prolamins of rye (secalins), barley (hordeins) and possibly oats (avidins). The most challenging products to formulate and produce are gluten- free bread and pasta, as gluten is their structure-building protein. The purpose of this research was to evaluate effect of Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) gum and Microbial Transglutaminase (MTGase) enzyme on farinograph properties of dough and quality characteristics of pasta. For this purpose HPMC at three levels (1%, 1.5%, 2%) and MTGase at three levels (0.3 %, 0.5%, 0.7 %) were added to formulation. Results showed that addition of HPMC and MTGase increased dough development time, decreased degree of dough softening, cooking loss and stickiness of pasta. In addition HPMC increased dough stability time, water absorbtion and moisture of pasta. While MTGase had no significant effect on this parameters. Also the colour test analysis results showed that addition of HPMC and MTGase had no significant effect on the colour of pasta. Finally results of sensory evaluation showed that pasta containing 2% HPMC and 0.7% MTGase had high mean score for texture and overall acceptability compared to control.  

---

Through ceating crosslink in proteins, and strengthening the protein-based food structures, MTGase can positively affect the serum holding capacity and gel firmness properties of foods. Inulin is fructose polymers with 2 to 60 degree of polymerization that linked by β (2-1) fructosyl bonds. Prebiotic and bifidogenic features of this matter have caused to use it as a functional ingredient in food products. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of the addition of MTGase and long-chain inulin on the physicochemical and sensory properties of doogh. In this study, the effect of using MTGase (0-0.3%) and long-chain inulin (0-1.5%) in 5 samples of doogh was examined on physicochemical (pH, titratable acidity, density, SNF, viscosity and phase separation) and organoleptic properties (consistency, flavor, odor, color and overall acceptability). Evaluations were performed at 24 hours and 30 days of storage. The results revealed that with increase of Transglutaminase and inulin no significant difference in pH, acidity, flavor, odor between the control sample and other treatments containing inulin and MTGase after 24 hours and 30 days was observed (P>0.05). The viscosity, SNF, density, serum phase separation, consistency and overall acceptability of samples R3 (1.5% inulin and 0.3% MTGase) and R4 (1.5% inulin and 0.1% MTGase) shown superior physicochemical and sensory properties.

---

 

The aim of this study primary was to evaluate the production possibility of high quality protein powder type A (an almost odorless and tasteless powder with a maximum fat content of 0.75%) from milled meat of common carp through isopropanol solvent extraction method, and then the replacement of produced fish protein powder  (FPP) together with the transglutaminase enzyme instead of flour in the formulation of cake and evaluation of the sensory quality, physicochemical properties and nutritional value at ambient temperature. For experiments, 1 control and 6 experimental cakes treated with 6 and 8% concentrations of fish protein powder by adding 0.5 and 1% transglutaminase levels were considered. The control treatment was free of fish protein and enzyme powders. Factors such as fat, protein, ash and moisture content were significantly different in enriched and control treatments (P<0.05). Peroxide value and pH increased significantly in experimental treatments containing 8% FPP in comparison with other treatments and acidity decreased significantly (P<0.05). Sensory factors including taste, color, texture, odor, and overall acceptability of treatments contain 6% FPP and  0.5% transglutaminase enzyme had no significant difference compared to the control sample (P>0.05). Wih adding transglutaminase enzyme to cakes containing fish protein powder improved the physicochemical properties of the samples.With considering the results and the absence of a significant difference between samples contain 6% FPP and 0.5% enzyme transglutaminase compared to control, this treatment can be recommended as a suitable combination for fish cake.

---

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine with a genetic background. In this disease, the villi of the small intestine are damaged and impaired in absorption of substances. Also, entrance of gluten to intestinal villus cells, causes the immune response. Inflammatory reaction causes villous atrophy and decreases activity of intestinal enzymes. The only way to treat this disease is a gluten-free diet. Therefore, the usage of potato powder in the production of cereal products e.g. bread as a rich source of gluten is very important because of its protein composition and easy digestion. In this research, the simultaneous usage of guar gum, sodium caseinate and microbial transglutaminase in four levels of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% to make gluten-free bread based on Agria variety of potato powder were evaluated and then the textural, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the bread were determined over a 7-day shelf life. The results showed that, the addition of microbial transglutaminase causes crosslinking in dough due to its tensile strength and stability of the dough. Adding guar gum increased the specific volume and decreased firmness of the bread. The addition of sodium caseinate resulted in increased water absorption and dough yield. Therefore, these additives led to increase in porosity, specific volume and elasticity and reduced color parameters a*, L* and b* of bread crust and texture of the final products. Therefore, the consumption of Agria variety of potato powder in Taftoon bread formulation increased shelf life, improved consumer marketability and texture characteristics. Hence, the simultaneous usage of microbial transglutaminase enzyme, guar gum and sodium caseinate resulted in favorable changes in physicochemical, textural and sensory attributes of potato-based gluten-free Taftoon bread during storage.
 

---

Soybean meal is one of the sources of vegetable protein, which together with wheat flour proteins, can provides a complete source of amino acids for the human body, so using it in bread can help to solve protein deficiencies. For this purpose, to prepare Barbari bread containing soy meal, a combined design containing a group of mixing variables, including different levels of transglutaminase enzyme (0 to 1 %), soybean meal flour (0 to 50 %), wheat flour as filler (0 to 100 %) and a process variable including ultrasonic altitude (0 to 100%) was used and physicochemical and sensory characteristics including total ash, pH, moisture, porosity and taste, texture and color scores were investigated. The results showed that transglutaminase enzyme and ultrasonication have a significant effect on physicochemical properties and porosity (P<0.0001). The significant increase in color score of the samples was due to the positive and significant effect (P<0.0001) of soybean meal on that characteristic. The porosity of the samples was significantly affected (P<0.0001) by the interaction of enzyme and ultrasound. Finally, in order to obtain samples with the highest porosity and color, taste and texture scores, it is suggested to use the mixing ratio of soybean meal flour 33%, enzyme 1%, wheat flour 66% and ultrasound altitude 100%.