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Abstract: In recent years, extension of Artemia applications in aquaculture and decreasing of natural resource, lead many of related studies to the distribution of Artemia population and new resource assessment studies. Urmia Lake as one the biggest habitat for Artemia because of ecological variations in the regions in which of its differentiations in cyst biometry and Artemia, moreover some genetic variations suggested to have some several Artemia populations in the Lake. In this project Artemia cyst samples were collected from 5 ecological stations of the Lake Urmia. The cyst hatching and the nauplii breeding up to adult Artemia stage were done according to optimum conditions in laboratory. Growth rate and survival of larva in days of 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 20 of rearing period were measured in feeding with a complex of Dunaliella tertiolecta and Lanzy PZ for a period of 20 days in 75 and 150 ppt. Data and its statistical analysis revealed that according to previously records the growth rate of the Artemia was influenced by increasing the salinity from 75 to 150 ppt survival and growth rate of Artemia have been influenced by water salinity (P<0.05) but increasing the salinity only in two population of Bari and Eslami led decreasing of survival. The produced cysts in two salinity showed that Artemia population can produce the cysts with different diameter and there were not any statistic correlations between the salinity and populations. The Dandrogarm of population statistic analysis emphasized that according to growth rate and survival parameters and among populations under this test there were 4 different populations of Artemia urmiana in which had interesting differentiations in growth rate and survival. Keywords: Artemia, Survival, Growth rate, Salinity, Urmia Lake.

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The effect of Artemia urmiana nauplii enriched with flaxseed oil on growth performance, survival and fatty acid composition of severum, Cichlasoma severum, larvae (0.3 mg initial weight) was investigated through a completely randomized block design with two treatments, viz., (1) larvae fed with plain nauplii, (2) larvae fed with nauplii enriched with flaxseed oil, in three replications. Results of the first biometry (day18^th), showed a significantly higher survival rate in treatment 1 (81.87±0.29%) than treatment 2 (68.83±1.62%) (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences in the specific growth rates, the average weight and length gains between treatments (P>0.05). At the end of the second period of the experiment (day36_th), significant differences in growth performance and survival rate was recorded between treatment 1 (97.82 ± 1.09%) and treatment 2 (91.16± 1.34%) (P>0.05).  The larvae was also found to convert n-3fatty acids to EPA and DHA.

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Background:Survival of dermatophytesinskin scales and nail scraps sampled from human lesions could have ecological and epidemiologicalimportance.The aim of this study was to store humanskin scale and nail lesions infected with dermatophyteagents,at -20°C for a long timeand to investigate the re-isolation rate of dermatophytes species from such samples after storage.
Materials and Methods:After referral to Medical Mycology Laboratory of Tehran University of Medical Science, the patients were subjected to sampling. Confirmation of dermatophytepositive result in direct smears was done with Potassium hydroxide, then culturing on Sabouraud dextrose agar media was performed, and species were identifiedusing standard procedures, and remaining samples were stored at -20°C. After 10 years, samples were re-examined for the presence and re-isolation of intended fungi according to the standard procedures.
Results:From a total of 5 species enrolled in this study, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, andTricholosporumviolaceum survived, andTrichophyton rubrum andTrichophytonverrucosumlost their viability at -20°C after 10 years. There was a significant difference between the re-isolation rate and the type of dermatophytes (p<.05). E. floccosum had the highest re-isolation rate (66.7%), followed by T. mentagrophytes (27%). All of the re-isolated dermatophytes were taken from scales samples, but none from nailscraps samples.
Conclusion: Some dermatophytes species including E. floccosum are able to maintain their ability to survive for a long time in human scale samples in certain time and temperature conditions (10 years at -20 °C) and to grow in appropriate conditions. These findings should be considered in ecological and epidemiological studies.

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A 27 day study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of aqueous extracts of Hypericumperforatum on hemato-serological parameters and survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmikiss) under thermal stress (20 ± 2 ◦C). A total of 360 rainbow trout (97.2 ± 1.6g) were divided randomly into four groups and  immersed in different concentrations (0, 250, 500 and 750 ppm) (T0, T25, T50 and T75) of aqueous extracts of H. perforatum. The blood samples were collected on day 12 and 27 and hemato-serological parameters were determined. In stage 1, the total red blood cell, hemoglobin and hematocrit didn’t show a significant difference among controls and treatments but in stage 2, those parameters were significantly increased in T50 and T75 compared to T0 and T25.  The total white blood cell, lymphocytes, total protein, albumin, and total IgM showed a significant increase in treatments compared to control but the results in the neutrophils was opposit. The MCV and MCH didn’t significantly change in two stages but the MCHC of T75 were significantly higher than T0 and T25. The glucose of T50 and T75 were significantly lower than T0 and T25. The hepatic enzymes, ALT and AST of T75 significantly increased compared to other groups in stage2. The highest and lowest survival rates were observed in T50 and T0, respectively. Based on the results, it seems that Hypericumperforatum could control the effectsof stress and increase the survival rate of rainbow trout when exposed to chronic heat stress.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effects of triploidy induction on survival, growth performance, body composition and fatty acid profiles in rainbow trout. Eight female (1600±246 g) and 6 male (1393±186 g) of four-year rainbow trout broodstock were selected and stripped. Heat shock treatment achieved 10 min after fertilization, for 10 min and in 28˚C water bath. Based on red blood cell analysis, the overall triploidization success level was 87.1±1%.The survival rate from fertilization to eyed stage in triploid group (86.31 ± 1.21%) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of diploid group (92.12 ± 1.59%). The survival rate from eyed stage to hatching in triploids (94.04 ± 1.33%) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of diploids (98.10 ± 0.45%). Growth performance (initial and final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and condition factor) was significantly higher in diploids as compared to triploids (p<0.05) after 38 days of rearing. Proximate compositions of fish including protein, fat and ash were not affected by triploidization, but triploids showed higher moisture content compared to that of the diploids. Moreover, the results showed that the levels of saturated fatty acids increased and the levels of unsaturated fatty acids decreased as an effect of triploidy induction. 

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In a randomly and factorially designed experiment, the interaction effects of dietary zeolite (0 and 2%) and three salinity levels (80, 130 and 180 ppt) on growth, survival, reproductive performance and total longevity of A. franciscana were determined (6 treatments in total). The experiment was carried in two stages: nauplius to maturity and maturity to death of all females. The results indicated that the total body length of Artemia fed with zeolite were not significantly different among treatments in the third week of rearing (P>0.05), except for nauplii fed zeolite in salinity 180 ppt. However, Artemia fed with zeolite in 80 ppt had a higher body length and furcal length compared with other treatments. Nauplii in all treatments reached sexual maturity within 17-23 days (P>0.05). Survival rate was far higher in groups fed with zeolite compared to unfed groups; the highest values were recorded in group fed with zeolite at the salinity 130 ppt (P<0.05). The reproductive period and total longevity of females decreased with increasing salinity, but this trend was not affected by diet type. Average offspring production in the groups fed with zeolite was in the range of 861-1160 offspring compared to unfed groups (604-741 offspring) (P<0.05). The encysted embryos percentage was different in the range of 20-35%. According to the results, the inclusion of 2% zeolite in salinity within 80-130 ppt were better for growth of the Artemia to maturity. Also, it is recommended to add zeolite in the Artemia diet with the increasing trend in salinity from 80 to 180 ppt for improving broodstock reproductive performance.

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The effects of Pediiococcus acidilactici and Lactococcus lactis was evaluated on survival rate and some immunological parameters of L. vannamei during three months of cultivations. Treatments included control group, Pediococcus and Lactococcus treatments and probotic treatmentsfed at 1×10⁹ cfu g^-1. The results indicated that probiotics increased the survival rate (P<0.05). The best immune performance was shown in the probiotics treatments; phenoloxidase activity, proteins, and globulin hemolymph showed  significant difference compared to the control treatment (P<0.05), whereas there were no significant influence on lysozyme activity (P≥0.05). In general, pediococcus treatment showed the best performance in enhancing the immune responses and survival rate.  

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The effect of Spirulina powder at levels of 0 (control), 3, 7, and 10%, of food ratio on growth, survival, and total carotenoids of dwarf gourami fry (Trichogasterlalius) of 3.6 g average weight as well as its larval stage was investigated for a period of 8 weeks. Carotenoids was significantly increased with increase in spirulina level up to 7% (p<0.05), but not significantly different from 10% level (p> 0.05). Survival showed no significant difference (p> 0.05). In larvae, survival, total carotenoids and total length increased significantly with increasing spirulina powder (p<0.05). Overall, the spirulina powder at 3% improved the growth and total carotenoids factors in pre-adult gourami and 10% level for larval stage as the best treatments in this study.

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In the present work, survival of two most important commercial strains of probiotic bacteria, i.e.,  Lactobacillus acidophilus (La5) and Bifidobacterium lactis (Bb12), during production and cold storage of Iranian Doogh, containing Ziziphora extract was studied. The bacteria inoculated into three types of Doohg, a plain sample as the control one, and two samples containing 1% and 2% Ziziphora extract. Survival of probiotic bacteria, pH, acidity and organoleptic characteristics of bio- Doogh were examined during a nine-week cold storage time (4°C). Our results revealed that the population of viable B. lactis reduced by 2.5 log cfu/ml, while L. acidophilus count reduced to zero after eight weeks at 4°C. The pH and acidity of bio-Doogh were not changed significantly (p>0.05) during cold storage period. Also, the organoleptic characteristics of the studied samples changed significantly (p<0.05). Bio-Doogh with Ziziphora extract had higher flavor scores than bio-Doogh without Ziziphora extract.    

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  Nowadays, Probiotic products are defined as the processed products which contains viable probiotic bacteria in a sufficient concentration when they administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host. The objective of this study was evaluation of the Iranian white cheese as a food carrier for probiotic bacteria (including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species). Survival of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus(sp),Bifidobcterium animalis and Bifidobacterium angulatum were determined by evaluation of the bacterial growth on the selective media in laboratory in different interval of production and preservation of Probiotic Iranian white cheese. B. animalis showed the highest  viability in nonstarter treatment and L. bulgaricus(sp) in treatment contained starter culture showed the lowest viability at the end of storage period of cheese. Survival Properties of Lactobacillus species were completely different from Bifidobacteria species in Iranian white cheese. However, the population of lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria species decreased gradually during ripening in this cheese but was always higher than 10⁶ CFU/g at the end of ripening storage.

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Background: In this study, data were collected from the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and analyzed by Cox regression model. In addition, hazard functions and survival outcomes in COVID-19 patients were also analyzed.
Materials & Methods: One million simulated data on hospitalized patients’ characteristics with positive SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected from the Humanitarian Data Exchange Source in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo from December 2020 to June 2021. Several statistical techniques were developed in this study for data analysis, including Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank test, Schoenfeld residual diagnostics, and likelihood ratio test.
Findings: This study finding showed that there was a 4.5% increase in the expected hazard per unit year increase in age. In addition, the risk of death was higher in males than in females, and patients with no signs of anorexia, ageusia, or anosmia, no history of diabetes or tuberculosis, normal pulse rates, and no hypoxemia had a greater survival rate than those with such health conditions.
Conclusion: This study finding revealed that covariates such as age, gender, anorexia, ageusia, anosmia, diabetes, and tuberculosis were expressively connected with higher mortality rates. In addition, hypoxemia and high pulse rate were associated with higher death rates; however, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant agents were shown to reduce mortality rates, and multivitamin or vitamin C had a substantial impact on patient survival.

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Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a cosmopolitan polyphagous pest. Researchers need a simple mass rearing procedure to study the life history, behavior, and feeding habits of insects. In the present study, effects of container type (Petri dishes or transparent cubic-containers), the form of positioning the containers (overturned or upright), and diet type (artificial diet or natural diet, i.e., chickpea plants) on the development and survival of neonate of H. armigera were assessed. Additionally, effects of container type and ventilation (air circulation in rearing containers) on development and survival of second to sixth instars, percentage of pupation, and adult emergence were assessed. Container type had no significant effect on the development and survival of the neonates and subsequent instars. More neonates survived to the second instar when reared in the containers held overturned, compared to those held upright. The neonates reared on chickpea plants had a shorter larval development and a higher survival rate than those reared on an artificial diet. The percentage of pupation and adult emergence of second instars reared individually in ventilated containers was higher than that of those reared in unventilated containers. As a food source for neonates, chickpea plants could improve the mass rearing of H. armigera.

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Probiotic yogurt is one of the most common and important probiotic products in the market. Researchers have revealed that the survival of probiotic organisms in yogurt during storage has often been low. An appropriate technique to preserve the survival rate of these organisms is to prepare yogurt powder using spray drying. The objective of this study was to investigation the effect of ingredient supplementation on survival of bacteria in probiotic yogurt during spray drying process. Effect of supplementing milk before preparing probiotic yogurt with various of ingredient (including whey protein concentrate, maltodextrin powder (DE=10-12), lactose, sodium caseinate and skim milk powder at a level of 1.5% (w/v) on survival of bacteria in probiotic yogurt powder after spray drying using inlet air temperature of 150 ˚C, air flow rate of 478 m³/h and feed flow rate of 2 L/h was investigated. The results indicate that supplementing milk with various ingredients prior to preparing probiotic yogurt not only enhances the growth of bacteria in fresh yogurt but also improve the survival rate these bacteria following spray drying and preparation of probiotic yogurt powder.    

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Background and objective: In recent years, two-dimensional nanomaterials are widely used in biomedical applications. Graphitic carbon nitride has been significant not only due to good biocompatibility but also because of its application in the bio-imaging, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of graphitic carbon nitride on viability of Saos-2 cancer cell line.
Methods: Graphitic carbon nitride was synthesized by adding melamine to hydrochloride acid and its physicochemical properties and structure was evaluated using FTIR, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. Synthesized graphitic carbon nitride (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL) was added on Saos-2 cells and fibroblasts in two periods of 48 and 72 hours. The survival rate of the cells was investigated by MTT.
Findings: The results of FT-IR and XRD tests showed the structure and bonds of the synthesized compound, its accuracy and purity, respectively. Raman spectroscopy results also showed the graphitic content of the synthesized product. After passing 48 hours of the exposure of the cells to synthesized graphitic carbon nitride, the level of cell survival in the group that received 800 µg/mL was decreased to nearly 80% compared to the control (untreated) group.
Conclusion: The synthesized compound in this study might be considered as an appropriate option in cancer related researches.

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Nowadays, regarding to human need to functional and probiotic foods and the extend use of these foods, considerable attention is donated to production and development of probiotic products which eventually can play an important role in improvement of society health.Additionally, investigations have identified the chocolate as a proper carrier for probiotics. In the present study,probiotic chocolate containing Lactobacillus casei was manufactured and then some of physicochemical parameters including pH and water activity (a_w) together with survival assessment of Lactobacilluscasei in chocolate were investigated.Addition of Lactobacillus casei to chocolate haven’t had any adverse and significant effects on physicochemical parameters such as pH and water activity during 6-month storage time at ambient and refrigerated temperatures (P>0.05). According to obtained results, the amount of water activity in probiotic chocolate was higher than control chocolate (P<0.05). Moreover, the survival of Lactobacillus casei in probiotic chocolate didn’t changed significantly during 6 months storage at two different temperatures of 4 and 22 ˚C (P>0.05).The obtained results declared that the enriched chocolate with Lactobacillus casei can be stored at ambient temperature without having any unfavorable changes in its physicochemical properties such as pH and water activity. Also, even with slight decrease in population of probiotic bacteria of Lactobacillus casei during the 6-month storage time at temperatures of 4 and 22 ˚C, but the final product which included 10⁸ CFU/g probiotic cells can be considered as a functional probiotic foodstuff.

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The data set employed in this study was comprised of a number of 6,800 records of lamb’s longevity and their survival rate, collected from 1989 through 2009, from the Lori-Bakhtiari experimental flock at the Shooli Station in Shahrekord, Iran. The data were analyzed using linear models and proportional hazard models with Weibull function. These models included fixed factors and direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic, maternal common environmental and residual random effects. Genetic parameters were estimated using Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) procedure fitting a sire model as well as animal models including different combinations of direct and maternal effects. Estimates of direct heritabilities of longevity and survival rate from different linear models were low (0.01 to 0.09). The maternal heritability ranged from 0.00 to 0.04, and decreaced with increase in the age of lambs. The estimates of heritability in logarithmic scale, original scale and effective heritability obtained from the sire and animal models with Weibull function were medium to high (0.08 to 0.55) and were higher than those estimated through different linear models. The maternal heritability estimated through Weibull models decreased with the age of lambs (0.25 to 0.01). These results indicated that the accuracy of the Estimated Breeding Values (EBV) of lambs’ survival rate from birth up to yearling age, using linear animal models vs. proportional hazard models, would be low vs. medium to high, respectively. Both animal and maternal genetic effects should be considered in the models for improving the survival rate up to 4 months of ages.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the survival of Lactobacillus casei LAFTI-L26 in Dutch red cheese. For this purpose, the effect of thermal treatments (pasteurization and non-pasteurization) in different concentrations of brine (0%, 2.5%, and 5%) and the ripening time (1,30 and 60 days) on lactobacillus casei survival and physicochemical properties of cheese including; pH, dry matter, fat percentage, salt percentage and acidity were studied. The results from the beginning of production to the end of the 60-day period showed that Increasing the pH of cheeses increased significantly (p<0.05). During non-pasteurization, the fat content of pasteurized cheeses increased significantly (p<0.05), and in pasteurized cheeses it was much more than pasteurized cheeses. Total microbial load increased significantly during storage (p<0.05). The acidity of the cheeses decreased significantly during storage (p<0.05), and with increasing the duration of salting water in pasteurized cheeses significantly increased (p<0.05). The salt percentage of samples was significantly reduced by applying the thermal process (p<0.05). By increasing the storage time, the number of Lactobacillus casei bacteria increased significantly in all samples (p<0.05), with increasing percentage of Lactobacillus casei salt in pasteurized cheese increased significantly (p <0.05), and pasteurization Increased the viability of Lactobacillus casei. In general, Dutch red cheese produced in Salmas has the ability to carry Lactobacillus casei (LAFTI-L26 DSL).

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Longevity, survivorship, and fecundity of Trissolcusbasalis Wholaston were studied on sunn pest eggs at 17.5, 20, 25, 27, 30 and 35˚C (all ±0.5), 60±5% RH and 16:8 h L:D. The preliminary results revealed an effect of temperature on the mentioned traits. In general, longevity decreased as temperature increased and ranged from 53.28±5.9 to 10.68±1.13 days when temperature leveled up from 17.5 to 35ºC. Similarly, the highest and lowest fecundity was observed at 25 and 35˚C (292.40±11.14 and 42.16±8.62 eggs female^-1), respectively. Moreover, the developmental rate of adult parasitoids (1/median longevity) was well described by modified model of Sharp-DeMichele in the range of studied temperatures and it was used to calculate physiological age. Likewise, the relationship between temperature and total realized fecundity was fitted well to a quadratic polynomial function. Conspicuously, age-specific cumulative fecundity rate was highly coordinated with exponential model and adult survivorship was fitted well to the reversed logistic curve. Finally, three temperature-dependent attributes viz., total fecundity, age-specific cumulative fecundity rate, and age-specific survivorship rate were used for T. basalisoviposition modeling. These findings may contribute to better understanding of oviposition strategy and behavior of T. basalis.