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Autism is a neurocognitive disorder. Many children with autism do not have a change in language and usually tend to have literal interpretations of phrases, which makes it difficult to understand metaphorical language, which can be seen in both visual and visual metaphors. The aim of this study was to compare auditory and visual metaphorical perception in children with mild autism and normal children. The present study is a cross-sectional and causal-comparative study. The statistical sample of this study includes 30 boys aged 7 to 10 years with mild autism studying in educational centers for exceptional children in Mashhad and 30 normal children matched in terms of age who were selected by convenience sampling method. After initial language assessment, they were assessed by metaphorical perception test and U Mann-Whitney test and SPSS 23 software were used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that in metaphorical perception in general there is a significant difference between autistic and normal children (P <0.001), also, in understanding visual and auditory metaphors, the two groups showed a significant difference (P <0/001). The obtained results indicate that compared to normal children, children with autism have a lower performance in terms of understanding visual and auditory metaphors, and considering this issue can be used in planning and designing educational content and rehabilitation interventions in order to improve educational performance and social benefit of these children.
 

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In this study, Virtual Reality (VR) was employed in an English course intended to promote oral presentation skills in Iranian academia, and the possible impact of the course on learners’ self-efficacy regarding presenting, Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA), and speaking skills was investigated. Eight participants attended a 6-session course, and practiced academic oral presentation in a virtually simulated environment. Prior to the course, semi-structured interviews were administered; in addition, participants’ weekly reflection notes and self-assessments were gathered throughout the course. Moreover, post-course semi-structured interviews and written follow-up interviews were conducted afterward. The findings revealed that the learners reported higher levels of self-efficacy regarding presenting after the course, due to a perceived improvement in their presenting style, as well as their presentation content and slides. Additionally, the course had contributed to lowering the learners’ FLA due to presence in the Immersive Learning Environment (ILE), ample practice opportunities, and collaborative avatar interactions. Moreover, the learners mentioned that the course had helped them to improve their speaking skills due to academic vocabulary expansion, pronunciation enhancement, fluency upgrade, and grammatical adjustment. The findings can provide insights for language educators with regard to the use of virtual reality for simultaneously fostering language and academic skills, as well as facilitating internationalization in higher education.

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The present study investigates the effect of baking temperatures (140, 160, 180, 200, and 220℃) on texture kinetics. It also explores a statistical classification meta-algorithm, called Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), to predict texture changes during conventional cake baking. The experimental results indicated that texture properties were significantly affected by baking temperature and time. As time and temperature increased, there was an increase in hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness and a decrease in springiness. However, the impact of time and temperature on resilience was inconsistent, as it was maximum in the last quarter of the process. The predicted results revealed that the AdaBoost algorithm accurately predicted the texture properties with a high coefficient of determination (R² > 0.989) and minimal root mean square error (RMSE < 0.0019) across all textural properties. Therefore, it can serve as an efficient tool for predicting the texture properties of cakes during baking. Furthermore, the proposed methodology can be extended to predict the texture properties of other baked goods.
 

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Language as a social phenomenon is associated with the construction of social and community values; an interactive and two-way communication, so that either language has an impact on the social construction, and social context and environment have influences on language. In some cases, language differences may lead to differences in perception of the world. The main goal of this paper is Comparative investigating the function of language in justice development (called: Linguistic Justice). The results showed that in lingual justice approach, justice is built based on the language constructs, and it develops and strengthens the linguistic capabilities of every society. Therefore, to achieve a just society, using of just words, and just language as well as understanding the concepts of justice are more emphasized. Use of degrading words for highlighting of humane defects or showing the influence and power are forbidden and enrichment of language by justice words is very important as a main agenda. In other words, stigmatizing language, which is based on detecting of rebuke differences of people and setting a hierarchy of power, will be against the requirements of lingual justice.

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The effects of frozen storage (-20°C) of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) for periods of 0 (control), 2, 4 and 6 months on the qualitative properties of surimi powder was investigated. Qualitative characteristics were assessed through  analysis of proximate composition, sensory evaluation, color changes, density, oil adsorption capacity, water holding capacity, protein solubility, emulsifying capacity, emulsion stability, foam capacity and stability, gel forming ability, and thiobarbituric acid value. Most of the qualitative indices decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the treatments, including the water holding capacity and the percentage of protein solubility that, respectively, decreased from 13.4ml/g and 7.42% in the control to 10.46 ml/g and 4.82% after 6 months of frozen storage.  Besides, the treatments didn’t show foam. The density and thiobarbituric acid increased significantly with time (p<0.05). Based on the analyses as well as sensory assessment, quality of silver carp surimi powder was maintained in -20°C frozen storage up to four months.

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Research subject: With the rapid development of science and technology, cerium and cerium oxide are widely used in various fields, including in the manufacture of aluminum, aluminum alloys, some steels and in permanent magnets, catalysts, Polishing powder, Glass, Cinema, and Ceramic Technology. Solvent extraction is one of the effective techniques for extraction, separation, and purification of cerium.
Research approach: The extraction of cerium­(IV) from sulfuric acid solutions using Cyanex 921 in kerosene was investigated. The different parameters affecting the extraction process of cerium(IV) such as pH of aqueous solutions­, reagent, metal ion concentration, contact time as well as temperature, are separately investigated. Experiments in the pH range of 0.5 to 5.5, at 25±1 ^oC­, using Cyanx 921 in the concentration range of 0.06 to 0.4 mol L^-1, and a mixture of Cyanx 921 and D2EHPA was performed in different ratios.
Main results: From the temperature study, the extraction reaction for Ce­(IV) was found to be exothermic in nature. The results indicated that the effective extraction of cerium(IV) from sulfuric acid solutions cannot be achieved in a single equilibration because the solubility of Cyanex 921 in aliphatic diluents is limited at ambient temperature. To rectify this issue, the possibility of using a synergistic mixture of Cyanex 921 and D₂EHPA as extractant system to recover cerium(IV) from sulfuric acid solutions was investigated. Mixtures of Cyanex 921 and D₂EHPA resulted in synergistic extraction of cerium­(IV) from sulfuric acid solutions. The results indicated that, under experimental conditions, the maximum synergistic coefficient was obtained at the molar ratio of (0.6M D₂EHPA_­/­0.2_­M Cyanex 921) 3.0, and cerium(IV) was extracted into organic phase in the form of Ce(SO₄)(HSO₄₎₂.­Cyanex 921.

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Tourism industry is one the most successful industries of the world in in perspective of gaining income. Gaining of plenteous currency incomes, extension of cultural scientific relations, creating occupations directly and indirectly and representation of country›s security and stability are considered among consequences and achievements of its extension in every country. In today competitive world, various countries, with introducing their touristic graces try to improve their economic status. One of various kinds of tourism which is recently introduced is Geotourism. This word is an intercourse term composed from two words geo with the meaning of earth and tourism. Geotourism is a particular form of tourism industry in which geological tourism is the focus of attention. Experts collectively agree on this matter that Geotourism creates a great potential for many regions which don’t have touristic prosperity. Geotourism industry was formally born in the world in 1955. About 150 to 200 years ago in England, Adam Sedvic for the first time provided geology tours for those who were interested. Lifetime of Woodvardin University museum returns to 1728, this is the first public museum dedicated to applied geology in geology organization which is outfitted with tools of geology interpretation since that date. In midst 1990s Geotourism was increasingly discussed and studied among tourism industry, politicians, advocates of environment protection, geographers, geologists and similar scientific assemblies. Leaders of Geotourism in the world were those who had intercourse studies and activities. For example, Dr. Thomas E. House well known with English name House was the first one in the world who after Adam Sedvic provided an academic definition for Geotourism in 1995 and in this definition has introduced Geotourism something above aesthetical attitude to geological phenomena. Another world leader is professor Russ Kingston Dowling who has many books in various grounds of tourism, ecotourism and finally Geotourism and this is while purely geological attitude to Geotourism in most cases is confined to geo diversity studies and takes the scholar away from contents of geological interpretations and intercourse and multicourse studies of tourism. In 2006, Russ Kingston Dowling and David Newsum in (universal) Geotourism book by extensive drafting of attention to geological tourism, provided a logical answer to Jonathan Tortolut 3 from national geography magazine of America (2012) who simply believes that visiting of all historical –cultural – natural heritages (so that helps stable development and local societies) is Geotourism. In Iran, many students and scholars have worked for introducing Geotourism. One year after Mohammadhasan Nabavi suggestion in 1378 in eighteenth seminar of geology regarding identification of beauties of country›s earth, the work of identifying beauties and geology diversity of the country began. After that in 2006, Alireza Amri Kazemi and Abbas Mehrpouya entered a list of Iran geological diversity to fifth chapter of Geotourism book written by Ross Dowling and David Newsum. Many specialized studies have been performed about surveying of mineral and thermal springs in Iran but lees work is done on touristic aspects of theses springs. Therefore, providing a method for evaluation of touristic value of thermal springs as an important Geotourism in our country is a task which is not surveyed. In this study, a method for evaluation of Geotourism value is offered based on modified Pralong method. For reaching to the score of spring tourism beauty, scientific, cultural, efficiency and economical scales have been investigated in the format of Pralong model. Since Pralong model only notes scales and subscales of tourism score, it has been modified using experts› views. This method addresses evaluation of tourism scaleand place efficiency scale. Its tourism scale can be analyzed and assessed from four aspects: outward beauty, scientific, cultural – historical and social – economical. Tourism scale of a place is obtained from average of these four scale and weight of any of aspects of tourism scale is not more or less than others. Place outward beauty scale addresses its visual and spectacular aspects. Scientific scale is assessed based on criterions like scarcity and didactic position. In evaluation of cultural scale artistic aspects and cultural conventions of the place are emphasized and finally, economic value of each place depends on its exploitable characteristics and Entrepreneurship in the ground of tourism and recreation. In Pralong method, scales and subscales have equal weight in relation to each other, while in multi scale decision making methods usually weight of scales and subscales are different. Especially in the debate of Iran Geotourism equating of these scales won›t entail correct results. Since weight determination was a difficult task, people were asked to categorize scales in precedence order and then regarding to precedence, scales and subscales were weighed. For weighing the following formula was used. In this formula, Wi is i th scale weight and Ri precedence of scale i and n is the number of scales. With several rounds of field study and attendance in the region and obtained raw data, scores of scales were calculated according to tables 4 to 9 with two methods of Pralong and modified Pralong. These numbers show the tourism scale of region as 0.379 in Pralong method and 0.441 in modified Pralong. These numbers are indicative of a favorable status in understudy region in respect of creating touristic recreational facilities for developing a geotouristic system. Of course, %16 growth of modified Pralong score shows more attention to this region regarding to Iranian reporters point of view toward Mr. Pralong view, so that even in its neighborhood another system for creating a geo park is notable (figure 6). But despite the regions potential capabilities, the level and quality of efficiency was evaluated low. Of course regarding to weights of modified Pralong method, this level with %37 growth is in high intermediate category which shows lower efficiency expectancy level of Iranian society than Mr. Pralong method. Then, still some tasks should be done for increasing efficiency quality of this spring and despite implementation of the design of country›s water therapy development and provision of universal design of Joshan hot water by Oghaf organization, effective measurements have not yet been performed for right exploitation of the region. Joshan hot water spring due to closeness to center of province, possessing therapeutic attribute, existence of novel geomorphological and geological perspectives and appropriate weather condition in case of observation of stable tourism principle, decentralization and budget assignment, development of infrastructural, sanitarian, residential and recreational facilities and exertion of service and facility standards can turn to one of the greatest hydrotherapy centers in southeast of the country. One of advantages of the method offered in this study is the calculation of development effect of each of mentioned facilities in increasing the level of tourism score of this Geotourism. Even with evaluation of this method, we can have a comparison between various places in relation with each other for other Geotourism regions of the province.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of different fat levels and substitution of sodium chloride salt with potassium chloride on physic- chemical and sensorial properties and shelf life of fish sausage produced from minced fish in the refrigerator. To do this, the sausages have been produced with different fat levels (10, 15, 20 %) and substitution of part of sodium chloride with potassium chloride( 0.95 KCl+ 0.54 NaCl and 0.47 KCl+ 1.02 NaCl)and have been reserved in refrigerator for 30 days and physical, chemical and sensorial evaluations have been done. The results of analyzing the approximate composition and PH show salient differences between different formulations of sausage and the control sample (p<0.05). By adding KCl to formulation, the final products had higher harness in comparison to the control sample. Sensorial analyze didn't show any significant difference between the samples. Treatment with higher fat content got higher score in the textural properties but this difference was not significant (p> 0.05). There was not a salient difference in color, taste and total acceptance between samples and control sample. Generally sensorial properties reduced in time but this reduction was not significant. Increase of thiobarbituric acid has been observed in all treatment over time but this amount never violated the normal range in any treatments.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of folk culture in Joseph Arthur Gobino's travel book entitled “Three Years in Asia” , based on the content analysis method in which he tries to divide these effect in six categories of hospitality, compliments, customs and types, Iranian art, architectural and urban features and the story of his trip to Iran. Superstitious thoughts were also studied and analyzed. The result of this study shows that although in his account of his trip to Iran Gobino was able to provide a detailed account of Iran's morality and behavior patterns, it would be impossible not to ignore the contrast between the European “I " and the oriental “other” that underlies his thoughts and descriptions of different aspects of Iranian life and customs. Conflicts that have a direct impact on the spectator's mind with the other and with what belongs to his territory, followed by his reports and descriptions.
 

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The present study is a comparative study of Jean-Paul Sartre’s The Age of Reason and Iris Murdoch’s The Bell. The main focus is on “unreliable narrator” which is a popular concept at the present time when humanity enjoys manipulating each other and suffers himself from misunderstandings. Wayne C. Booth was the earliest theorist who provided a practical definition of “unreliable narrator” and his theory is considered as the framework. Previously, the studies only focused on homodiegetic narrators but, here, other narrative techniques are analyzed. In other words, the point of view and the presence of multiple perspectives and voices are crucial in the analysis of unreliable narratives. These narrative techniques and unreliable narrators are scrutinized at the social and political contexts of the novels. Accordingly, New Historicism, specifically Stephen Greenblatt’s theory, is used as another approach to reveal the presence and function of the unreliable narrators in the selected literary works.
 

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Abstract
One areas of study in popular culture and literature concerns the beliefs of the tribes. The Turkmen are one of the Iranian tribes that have different beliefs. The common Turkmen beliefs stem from their thoughts, beliefs, ideals, feelings, emotions, and lifestyle. Since some popular beliefs and ideas are instructive and worth pondering, this study tries to introduce some of the different Turkmen tribes, and some of the common popular beliefs among the two Turkmen peoples (Goklan and Yumut), which are reflected in Nader Ebrahimi's novel Fire, without Smoke. This study employed a library-based and analytic-descriptive method. The results show that the popular beliefs of the two tribes could be grouped into 4 categories: 1. Philosophical and mythological beliefs, 2. Beliefs about life and its stages, 3. Medical beliefs and general treatment, and 4. Calendric and meteorological. Some of these beliefs are rooted in religious teachings. Some are derived from Iranian culture, which are found not only among Turkmen but also among other ethnic groups. Some others are due to the Turkmen way of life and are specific to the culture of this people, while still others are baseless and unrealistic beliefs that stem from superstitions.
Research background
There are several studies conducted on the novel Fire, without smoke. Azizi Nik (2003) found that the two tribes of Yamut and Goklan had conflicts with each other due to their superficial customs, and even in some cases, these differences and conflicts led to wars between them. Rezvanian and Nouri (2009) indicate that the narrator of this novel insists on taking each character home. Therefore, he leaves nothing to the mind of the audience.
Sadeghi et al. (2016) conducted an intertextual analysis of the novel concluding that the staging of the novel involved intertextual communication and linguistic effects in the selection of ancient words and grammatical, rhetorical features, and the tactical effects such as the speed of initiation as well as the intervention of the narrator.
In relation to the poetic language of the novel, Taheri and Askari (2017) showed that Ebrahimi adorned his novel’s superstructure with de-familiarizations and illustrations in order to immortalize the poetic and romantic revolutionary content of his novel in the reader's mind.
A more critical study is that of Miri et al. (2015), borrowing Fairclough and Michael Short's models to analyze the power relations in the novel. They have concluded that the way the two central characters of the novel deal with others in the dialogues is directly proportional along with many ups and downs as well as their life span. Galan's dialogues with those around him are limited to certain people, and over time, this circle gets narrower so much as with his death, his coercive domination ends. Alleni, on the other hand, not only engages in dialogue with all people, particularly women, but also forces them to be at the center of the dialogue. Therefore, as far as the authors of the present study are concerned, no particular research has been conducted on the popular beliefs of the two mentioned tribes in this novel.
Research aims and questions
The purpose of this study is to examine the common beliefs among the two tribes "Goklan" and "Yamut" which are reflected in the novel Fire, without Smoke, in order to understand the lifestyle, ideas, views, and thoughts of these two Turkmen tribes and get acquainted with their sociocultural manifestations.
To this aim, the following questions were raised:
1. What popular beliefs of the two Turkmen tribes "Goklan" and "Yamut" are reflected in the novel Fire, without Smoke?
2. Where do the beliefs of these two tribes stem from?
Results and discussion
The popular culture is a common phenomenon and is deeply rooted in people. It covers all the superstructure aspects of society such as: customs and traditions, rituals and mourning, celebrations, beliefs, knowledge, and do's and don'ts (Bakhtiari, 2003, p. 24). One of the manifestations of popular culture is the beliefs of tribes which lead to the creation of particular attitudes. Since these beliefs originate from a sole human spirit, there are sometimes common beliefs shared among different ethnic groups (Hedayat, 2000, p. 23). In the novel Fire, without Smoke, Nader Ebrahimi has written about the history, culture, and folklore of the Turkmen under various pretexts:  "In this novel, he speaks better than any Turkmen about their beliefs and combines the delineation of the infinity of nature with the sufferings and joys of the Turkmen" (Mir Abedini, 1998, p. 538). This study, however, examined the popular beliefs that are common among the two tribes "Goklan" and "Yamut" and are reflected in the novel. For a thorough scrutiny of these beliefs, they were classified into sub-categories such as: philosophical and mythological beliefs, beliefs related to life and its stages, medical beliefs and popular remedies, and chronology and popular meteorology. Given that Nader Ebrahimi lived among the Turkmen people for an extended period of time, the popular culture of the Turkmen was fully known to him. He used many of their ideas in his novel as he heard them all from the Turkmen elderly and had no involvement in them whatsoever. In addition to advancing the novel, these types of allusions help to make the events of the story more realistic for the contemporary readers.
The Turkmen people have popular beliefs on various issues of life due to their ancient culture and special way of life. Influenced by the age in which they lived, the two Turkmen tribes of Yamut and Goklan have embedded a number of popular beliefs into their lives that need to be explored in the context of popular culture, because these beliefs represent the thoughts and attitudes of these two tribes about the universe and also express their social lifestyle. Some beliefs of these two tribes are reflected in the novel Fire, without Smoke and are considered as the themes of this novel. In the present study, through analyzing different parts of the mentioned novel, we attempted to sketch out the reflection of popular beliefs among the tribes "Yamut" and "Goklan" in this novel. The result of this study shows the course of these popular beliefs in the depths of thoughts, feelings, initiatives, odd events as well as wonders in the life of Turkmen tribes. Some of these beliefs, such as marriage, having a daughter for a child, jinxing, music, and reddening of the sky are rooted in the religious and Islamic teachings. Some of them, such as human sins, belief in destiny, shedding innocent blood, and treating heartache are rooted in Iranian culture. Some others, such as the belief in horoscope, the simultaneous use of two new things that make the owner sad, the act of carrying gold which leads to the women's happiness, and the healing the sacred tree gives all stem from superstition.
Some beliefs such as Turkmens being made out of iron, horses’ loyalty to their owners, infant mortality, and mourning and burial of the dead are also common among these people, which are derived from their lifestyle. The formation of these types of beliefs are the result of spiritual and psychological forces. The two tribes have acquired them from their social environment.

All in all, Nader Ebrahimi is clearly influenced by the popular culture of these tribes in reflecting and scrutinizing the beliefs of their ideologies. He has fairly been successful in this area, due to the fact that he has narrated the beliefs of the Turkmen people through reports and quotations given by the characters wherever necessary. This has led to the creation of a true story that, besides its content and spiritual impact, makes enjoyment for the readers.

References

Azizi Nik, N. (2003). The story of a novel in the smokeless fire by Nader Ebrahimi. Fiction, 43, 43 - 47.

Bakhtiari, M. R. (2003). Folklore of folk literature. Adiban.

Hedayat, S. (2000). Folk culture of the Iranian people. Cheshmeh.

Mir Abedini, H. (1998). One hundred years of Iranian fiction (Vol. 1 & 2). Cheshmeh.

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This research answers to three main questions:  what, why, and how to develop evidence-based human resource management. A systematic review (SR) is used in literature review and qualitative interpretative meta-synthesis (QIMS) in synthesis and interpretation of data. 25 original articles were selected during the search, synthesis, and interpretation process, which eventually led to uptake of five dominant views about the concept of evidence-based human resource management (EBHR). Also, using this approach we found that it will improve the organization's outcomes and increase its competitiveness. Finally, by referring and exploring the literature on how to develop this approach in medical and health care field, we provide a framework for developing the model that is consist of thee sectors: process of evidence-based practice in human resources, influential factors or organizational determinants, and external factors or determinants. Each of these sectors will improve and develop evidence based practice approach in human resources management.
 

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Choosing the element in a work is directly related to the reader. This study aimed to investigate the themes of the tales of Sankhast from the suburban areas of northern Khorasan in order to figure out how tale tellers used the related theme to achieve their objectives. The findings showed that the tale tellers sometimes expressed the themes in their work and in other times represented them through moral lesson to not only have more impact on the reader but also improve the level of the folk tales from the normal clichés. In general, the method of selecting themes in the tales were discussed, but there were occasions in which the themes were prior to the tale. The themes in the Tati tales of Sankhast showed that most of them were selected based on the hearings, lifestyles, mentalities, and people's opinions. Also, despite the fact that these tales tried to create heroes, attraction, curiosity, and entertainment for the general public, but in fact their fundamental mentality and social aspects were advertising humanity, equality, brotherhood, and social justice.

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In this article, we tried to analyze administrative- Financial barriers of economic rationalization by utilizing the theoretical approach of Max Weber. In this regard, firstly, we analyzed the characteristics of the public finance organization based on the collective commitment (Liturgical) of the villages, ils (tribes) and guilds in the period Qajar. Then we studied components such as the domination of the livelihoods economy; the suppression of individualism and the expansion of the economy and the division of labor; the lack of competitiveness of the economy in the world system; the weak social mobility as the outcomes of the general tax system governing this period. In the end, based on research findings, the concept of Communal Rationalism has been presented as a theoretical modification with the historical particularity of Qajar Iran.

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Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of virtual Doughnut educational rounds on learning levels and satisfaction among nursing students in the operating room setting.
Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design involved 70 undergraduate nursing students specializing in operating room practices, selected through a census approach. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups: one receiving instruction via online lectures and the other through virtual Doughnut educational rounds. The educational material was delivered to the first group using the virtual Doughnut round method and to the second group through online lectures. Data were gathered and analyzed using SPSS software version 19, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, analysis of covariance, and the Mann-Whitney test.
Findings: The pre-test scores did not show a statistically significant difference between students taught by online lectures and those taught by virtual Doughnut educational rounds (p-value=0.538). However, t-test analysis indicated that the Doughnut round method was more effective than traditional lectures, with students showing significantly greater satisfaction with the Doughnut round approach (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: The virtual Doughnut round method is more effective than traditional lectures for teaching operating room nursing students, particularly those in their senior year.
 

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Aims: The prevalent academic procrastination among medical students, who will assume significant responsibilities in the future, can have irreversible consequences. One of the underlying factors is the weakness of cognitive and metacognitive strategies, which can be taught and learned by professors and students. The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of teaching cognitive and metacognitive strategies virtually on the academic procrastination of medical students at Iran University of Medical Sciences.
Materials & Methods: This quasi-experimental research employed a two-group before-and-after design and was conducted at the Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2023. The study included 70 medical students from Iran University of Medical Sciences, who were divided into control and intervention groups. Cognitive and metacognitive skills were presented virtually in four one-hour sessions. Data were collected using Solomon and Rothblum's Academic Procrastination Questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 16 software.
Findings: Initially, no significant difference was found between the scores of the participants in the two groups before the cognitive and metacognitive strategies course (p>0.05). However, a significant difference was observed between the scores of the two groups after the intervention (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The implementation of cognitive and metacognitive strategies training has a positive and significant influence on reducing academic procrastination among students

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Aims: Climate change significantly threatens food security and environmental sustainability in semi-arid regions, such as northwestern Iran, where declining rainfall and rising temperatures challenge agricultural productivity and resource management. Agroforestry systems, integrating agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry, have emerged as a promising solution to these challenges. This study evaluates the potential of agroforestry systems for enhancing resilience to climate change in the Arasbaran Region of northwest Iran.
Materials & Methods: The research assesses the impact of these systems on soil quality, biodiversity, and water resource optimization through a detailed survey of 78 households. Quantitative and qualitative questions were used to collect information from the sample households. The main questions addressed personal characteristics, occupation, farm details, types of species, costs, incomes, types of harvested products, selling methods, changes in species and products over time, and factors affecting production levels.
Findings: Results indicate that agroforestry practices, such as integrating drought-resistant tree species with crops and livestock, improve soil health, conserve moisture, and diversify income sources. Despite these benefits, farmers face obstacles, including inadequate technical knowledge, limited access to quality seedlings, and insufficient policy support. Socioeconomic factors such as land tenure and financial constraints further complicate widespread adoption. The study reveals that income increase is the primary motivation for adopting agroforestry, while challenges such as lack of government support and educational gaps are significant barriers. Apple (56%) and walnut (41%) are the most commonly planted species, followed by poplar (20.5%) and sour cherry (15%). The three-year mean household income is 2,185 million rials (SD= 2,382).
Conclusion: Overall, agroforestry presents a valuable opportunity for improving agricultural sustainability and resilience in arid and semi-arid regions. Addressing existing challenges through targeted interventions and leveraging traditional knowledge and international examples can enhance the effectiveness of these systems in mitigating the impacts of climate change.