انجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Palynological Characterization of Edible and Allergenic Amaranthaceae Species by Scanning Electron Microscopy: Implications for Food Authentication, Allergen Monitoring, and Quality Control in the Food IndustryPalynological Characterization of Edible and Allergenic Amaranthaceae Species by Scanning Electron Microscopy: Implications for Food Authentication, Allergen Monitoring, and Quality Control in the Food Industry1152919710.48311/fsct.2026.122208.83325FAKhansaaAl-JobouryIraq Natural History Research Center and Museum0000-0002-8230-3747ZainabGhazi SadeqIraq Natural History Research Center and Museum/ University of Baghdad/ Iraq.ZainabSamir Al-rubayeCollege of Health and Medical Technologies/ Middle Technical UniversityJournal Article20260718This study presents a comparative palynological analysis of eight Amaranthaceae species (Amaranthus albus, A. hybridus, A. viridis, Beta vulgaris, Chenopodium album, C. ficifolium, Chenopodiastrum murale, and Nitrosalsola vermiculata) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative and qualitative pollen traits – including polar/equatorial diameters (P/E ratio), exine thickness, aperture type and number, and surface ornamentation – were measured and statistically analysed. Results revealed significant interspecific variation: pollen size ranged from small (14–26 µm in Amaranthus and Nitrosalsola) to large (55–70 µm in Beta vulgaris and Chenopodium album); P/E ratios indicated sub spheroidal to spheroidal shapes; most taxa exhibited pantoporate apertures (10–40 pores) except A. hybridus (tricolpate); exine thickness varied from 1.0 to 6.0 µm; and ornamentation patterns ranged from psilate microperforate to densely echinate. These distinctive pollen features can serve as reliable markers for species identification, enabling food manufacturers to authenticate plant based ingredients, monitor airborne allergen contamination in processing facilities, and develop targeted allergen control strategies. From a food industry perspective, this palynological approach offers a practical, cost effective tool for: (i) verifying the authenticity of amaranth, quinoa, and beet derived ingredients; (ii) detecting contamination by allergenic weed pollen in raw materials; (iii) assessing airborne allergen exposure in processing environments; and (iv) supporting compliance with food safety regulations and allergen labelling requirements. The findings provide a valuable taxonomic and palynological baseline for the food industry, supporting the safety, traceability, and quality assurance of Amaranthaceae derived food products.This study presents a comparative palynological analysis of eight Amaranthaceae species (Amaranthus albus, A. hybridus, A. viridis, Beta vulgaris, Chenopodium album, C. ficifolium, Chenopodiastrum murale, and Nitrosalsola vermiculata) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Quantitative and qualitative pollen traits – including polar/equatorial diameters (P/E ratio), exine thickness, aperture type and number, and surface ornamentation – were measured and statistically analysed. Results revealed significant interspecific variation: pollen size ranged from small (14–26 µm in Amaranthus and Nitrosalsola) to large (55–70 µm in Beta vulgaris and Chenopodium album); P/E ratios indicated sub spheroidal to spheroidal shapes; most taxa exhibited pantoporate apertures (10–40 pores) except A. hybridus (tricolpate); exine thickness varied from 1.0 to 6.0 µm; and ornamentation patterns ranged from psilate microperforate to densely echinate. These distinctive pollen features can serve as reliable markers for species identification, enabling food manufacturers to authenticate plant based ingredients, monitor airborne allergen contamination in processing facilities, and develop targeted allergen control strategies. From a food industry perspective, this palynological approach offers a practical, cost effective tool for: (i) verifying the authenticity of amaranth, quinoa, and beet derived ingredients; (ii) detecting contamination by allergenic weed pollen in raw materials; (iii) assessing airborne allergen exposure in processing environments; and (iv) supporting compliance with food safety regulations and allergen labelling requirements. The findings provide a valuable taxonomic and palynological baseline for the food industry, supporting the safety, traceability, and quality assurance of Amaranthaceae derived food products.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29197_cf7f647b01e175d2d6cf49c2c80e3525.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Enrichment of Essential Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Flaxseed Oil Using Urea Complexation and Cold Crystallizationغنی‌سازی اسیدهای چرب ضروری امگا-۳ از روغن کتان روغنی با استفاده از کمپلکس‌سازی اوره و تبلور سرد16282919810.48311/fsct.2026.118159.82978FAمحبوبهزارعدانشگاه آملمحمودکیانیTaleghani st., 35th Abazarراضیهعظیمیگروه گیاهان دارویی و محصولات جانبی، موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتعسید علیاندیدانشکده گیاهان دارویی، دانشگاه تخصصی فناوری‌های نوین آمل، آمل، ایران.Journal Article20251214Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) oil is an abundant botanical source of essential fatty acids (EFAs), notably α-linolenic acid (ALA, ω-3) and linoleic acid (LA, ω-6), both of which are associated with a range of health benefits. In this study, two polyunsaturated fatty acid enrichment techniques i.e., urea complexation and low-temperature crystallization (LTC), were comparatively evaluated for their effectiveness in enriching EFAs from flaxseed oil. Fatty acid profiles of crude and processed fractions were determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID), and recovery yields were calculated to assess process efficiency. The crude oil contained 54.13% ALA, 15.02% LA, 19.36% oleic acid, and 10.5% saturated fatty acids (SFAs), with total EFAs comprising 69.15% of the profile. Urea complexation resulted in a non-urea-complexed fraction (NUCF) enriched to 63.0% ALA and 17.0% LA, while reducing SFAs to 1.9%. However, the overall recovery yield was relatively low, with 23.0% recovered in the NUCF and 14.4% in the urea complexed fraction (UCF), totaling 37.4% mass retention. Conversely, LTC yielded a liquid fraction containing 55.2% ALA and 15.25% LA, with SFAs reduced to 6.62%. This method achieved a markedly higher recovery yield, with 75% of the mass retained in the liquid phase and 21% in the crystalline phase, corresponding to an overall recovery of 96%. This work provides the first direct comparative evaluation of these methods for the selective enrichment of EFAs from flaxseed oil, highlighting a critical trade-off between compositional purity and material recovery and offer evidence-based guidance for selecting enrichment strategies tailored to specific industrial or nutraceutical objectives.روغن بذر کتان به‌عنوان منبع گیاهی غنی، سرشار از اسیدهای چرب ضروری شامل اسید لینولنیک (اُمگا-۳) و اسید لینولئیک (اُمگا-۶) است که نقش مهمی در سلامت دارند. در این پژوهش، دو روش برای غنی‌سازی اسیدهای چرب چندغیراشباع، یعنی تشکیل کمپلکس اوره و تبلور در دمای پایین، با هدف مقایسه کارایی آنها در افزایش محتوای اسیدهای چرب ضروری بررسی شد. نیمرخ اسیدهای چرب با کروماتوگرافی گازی–آشکارساز یونش شعله‌ای تعیین شد و بازده بازیابی نیز محاسبه گردید. روغن خام شامل ۵۴/۱۳ درصد آلفا-لینولنیک اسید، ۱۵/۰۲ درصد لینولئیک اسید، ۱۹/۳۶ درصد اولئیک اسید و ۱۰/۵ درصد اسیدهای چرب اشباع بود؛ و مجموع اسیدهای چرب ضروری به ۶۹/۱۵ درصد می‌رسید. تشکیل کمپلکس اوره موجب تولید بخش غیرکمپلکس‌شده با ۶۳ درصد آلفا-لینولنیک اسید، ۱۷ درصد لینولئیک اسید و ۱/۹ درصد اسیدهای چرب اشباع شد؛ اما بازده بازیابی این روش پایین و حدود ۳۷/۴ درصد بود. در مقابل، تبلور در دمای پایین، بخشی مایع با ۵۵/۲ درصد آلفا-لینولنیک اسید، ۱۵/۲۵ درصد لینولئیک اسید و ۶/۶۲ درصد اسیدهای چرب اشباع تولید کرد و بازدهی بسیار بالاتر برابر ۹۶ درصد داشت. این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که هرچند کمپلکس اوره خلوص بیشتری ایجاد می‌کند، تبلور در دمای پایین از نظر بازیابی ماده کارآمدتر است. این نتایج می‌تواند در انتخاب روش مناسب برای کاربردهای صنعتی و تغذیه دارویی راهگشا باشد.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29198_df584d514eb49beffdd8b37311204fc9.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923The Study and comparison of the effect of replacing semolina with black and red rice flours on qualitative properties and antioxidant activity of pastaThe Study and comparison of the effect of replacing semolina with black and red rice flours on qualitative properties and antioxidant activity of pasta29502919910.48311/fsct.2026.118244.82980FANareman AdeemShnaa AljazyDepartment of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of BasrahJournal Article20251211Black and red rice are rich in bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols, which exhibit strong antioxidant activity and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Pasta, as a widely consumed food, can be fortified with these rice flours to enhance its nutritional and functional properties. In this study, semolina was partially replaced with black and red rice flour (5, 10, and 15%), while 100% semolina pasta served as the control. The replacement levels were selected based on a preliminary trial, which indicated that levels up to 15% maintained acceptable dough handling properties and pasta structure. Chemical composition, rheological behavior, texture, cooking quality, color indices (a, b, L*), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging) were evaluated before and after cooking. Results showed that increasing rice flour levels significantly enhanced crude fiber, TPC, and antioxidant activity (p ≤ 0.05). Rheological tests indicated higher water absorption, gluten softening, and starch gelatinization, while amylase activity and dough stability decreased. Chemical analysis revealed increased fat, protein, and ash contents. Cooking loss and weight gain rose with higher rice flour levels, whereas maximum cutting force decreased. Color indices shifted, with L* and b* decreasing in black rice samples, and a* increasing in red rice samples. Sensory evaluation indicated that pasta fortified with 15% black rice flour was most preferred for texture and taste.Black and red rice are rich in bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols, which exhibit strong antioxidant activity and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Pasta, as a widely consumed food, can be fortified with these rice flours to enhance its nutritional and functional properties. In this study, semolina was partially replaced with black and red rice flour (5, 10, and 15%), while 100% semolina pasta served as the control. The replacement levels were selected based on a preliminary trial, which indicated that levels up to 15% maintained acceptable dough handling properties and pasta structure. Chemical composition, rheological behavior, texture, cooking quality, color indices (a, b, L*), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging) were evaluated before and after cooking. Results showed that increasing rice flour levels significantly enhanced crude fiber, TPC, and antioxidant activity (p ≤ 0.05). Rheological tests indicated higher water absorption, gluten softening, and starch gelatinization, while amylase activity and dough stability decreased. Chemical analysis revealed increased fat, protein, and ash contents. Cooking loss and weight gain rose with higher rice flour levels, whereas maximum cutting force decreased. Color indices shifted, with L* and b* decreasing in black rice samples, and a* increasing in red rice samples. Sensory evaluation indicated that pasta fortified with 15% black rice flour was most preferred for texture and taste.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29199_517cd23ae4375b47d04ef6363a229b13.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Investigation of the technological characteristics of the Levilactobacillus brevis strain M3R3, isolated from Traditional Khiki Cheese, for industrial applicationsبررسی ویژگی‌های تکنولوژیکی سویه Levilactobacillus brevis M3R3 جدا شده از پنیر سنتی خیکی برای کاربردهای صنعتی51662895710.48311/fsct.2026.118345.82991FAعلیرضاوسیعیفردوسی مشهدبهروزعلیزاده بهبهانی1 گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، دانشکده علوم دامی و فناوری غذایی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایران0000-0002-1447-5088پریساقاسمیدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانی، ایرانزینبموسویدانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، ملاثانیJournal Article20251216In this research, the technological and biological characteristics of the native strain Levilactobacillus brevis strain M3R3, isolated from "Khiki" cheese, were comprehensively evaluated. The goal of this study was to determine the potential of this strain as an efficient starter culture and a promising probiotic for industrial applications. The results of the thermal resistance assessment showed that this strain has remarkable stability and was able to maintain acceptable cellular viability at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and even 80 °C, with survival rates of 60.07%, 44.01%, 32.22%, and 27.81%, respectively. In the investigation of enzymatic activities, this strain demonstrated a notable ability for proteolysis by creating a hydrolysis halo with a diameter of 21.49 ± 0.13 mm, as well as high autolytic activity (51.11% at 37 °C). Furthermore, this strain was capable of producing significant amounts of exopolysaccharides (EPS), which created a mucoid appearance around the colonies. Its acidifying activity in skim milk (ΔpH24h; 1.34) was classified as a moderate acidifier. These results indicate that the Lev. brevis M3R3 strain is a highly suitable candidate for use in fermented dairy products and as an effective probiotic due to its resistance to thermal stress, enzymatic capabilities, and EPS production.در این پژوهش، ویژگی‌های تکنولوژیکی و بیولوژیکی سویه بومی Levilactobacillus brevis M3R3 که از پنیر «خیکی» جدا شده بود، به طور جامع ارزیابی شد. هدف از این مطالعه، تعیین پتانسیل این سویه به عنوان یک استارتر کارآمد و یک پروبیوتیک امیدوارکننده برای کاربردهای صنعتی بود. نتایج ارزیابی مقاومت حرارتی نشان داد که این سویه دارای پایداری قابل توجهی است و توانست در دماهای ۵۰، ۶۰، ۷۰ و حتی ۸۰ درجه سانتی‌گراد، زنده‌مانی سلولی قابل قبولی حفظ کند؛ به طوری که نرخ بقای آن به ترتیب ۶۰.۰۷%، ۴۴.۰۱%، ۳۲.۲۲% و ۲۷.۸۱% بود. در بررسی فعالیت‌های آنزیمی، این سویه توانایی چشمگیری در پروتئولیز نشان داد و هاله هیدرولیز با قطر ۲۱.۴۹ ± ۰.۱۳ میلی‌متر ایجاد کرد؛ همچنین فعالیت اتولیتیک بالایی (۵۱.۱۱% در ۳۷ درجه سانتی‌گراد) داشت. علاوه بر این، این سویه قادر به تولید مقادیر قابل توجهی اگزوپلی‌ساکارید (EPS) بود که ظاهر موکوئیدی اطراف کلنی‌ها را ایجاد می‌کرد. فعالیت اسیدی‌کننده آن در شیر بدون چربی (ΔpH۲۴h؛ ۱.۳۴) به عنوان اسیدی‌کننده متوسط طبقه‌بندی شد. این نتایج نشان می‌دهد که سویه L. brevis M3R3 کاندیدای بسیار مناسبی برای استفاده در محصولات لبنی تخمیری و به عنوان یک پروبیوتیک مؤثر است؛ به دلیل مقاومت در برابر تنش حرارتی، قابلیت‌های آنزیمی و تولید EPS.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_28957_f95490b29665f1400527d32a286f63ad.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Effects of Dietary Slow-Release Urea Supplementation on Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Bacterial Populations in Lambs: Implications for Meat Production EfficiencyEffects of Dietary Slow-Release Urea Supplementation on Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Bacterial Populations in Lambs: Implications for Meat Production Efficiency67852920010.48311/fsct.2026.119317.83063FAMarwahTh. G. Al-AmeriBasrah Agriculture Directorate, Iraq.HanaaA. J. Al-GalbiDepartment of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq.AmeraK. NasserDepartment of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, IraqJournal Article20260213This study investigated the effects of dietary SRU supplementation at varying concentrations on rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial populations in Arabi lambs, thereby addressing knowledge gaps relevant to both animal nutrition and subsequent meat quality attributes. Sixteen male Arabi lambs (initial body weight 22.5 ± 1.1 kg; age 4–5 months) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments over a 105-day experimental period, including a 15-day adaptation phase. Lambs received either a control diet (no SRU) or diets supplemented with SRU at 1.0%, 1.5%, or 2.0% of dry matter intake. Rumen fluid pH remained unaffected by SRU inclusion across all treatment levels (P > 0.05), indicating maintained rumen homeostasis. However, total bacterial counts increased significantly in lambs receiving 2.0% SRU (8.12 log₁₀ CFU mL⁻¹) compared to control and lower supplementation groups (P < 0.05). Similarly, populations of cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria were significantly elevated in the 2.0% SRU treatment. Conversely, amylolytic bacterial counts exhibited a declining trend with increasing SRU concentration, decreasing from 6.74 log₁₀ CFU mL⁻¹ in controls to 6.64 log₁₀ CFU mL⁻¹ at 2.0% SRU. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration increased progressively with SRU inclusion level. Acetic acid concentration reached 43.09 mmol L⁻¹ in the 2.0% SRU treatment, representing a significant elevation relative to controls; parallel increases were observed for propionic and butyric acids. These findings demonstrate that dietary SRU supplementation, particularly at 2.0% inclusion, enhances rumen fermentative capacity through selective stimulation of cellulolytic and proteolytic bacterial populations and elevated VFA production, without compromising rumen pH stability.This study investigated the effects of dietary SRU supplementation at varying concentrations on rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial populations in Arabi lambs, thereby addressing knowledge gaps relevant to both animal nutrition and subsequent meat quality attributes. Sixteen male Arabi lambs (initial body weight 22.5 ± 1.1 kg; age 4–5 months) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments over a 105-day experimental period, including a 15-day adaptation phase. Lambs received either a control diet (no SRU) or diets supplemented with SRU at 1.0%, 1.5%, or 2.0% of dry matter intake. Rumen fluid pH remained unaffected by SRU inclusion across all treatment levels (P > 0.05), indicating maintained rumen homeostasis. However, total bacterial counts increased significantly in lambs receiving 2.0% SRU (8.12 log₁₀ CFU mL⁻¹) compared to control and lower supplementation groups (P < 0.05). Similarly, populations of cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria were significantly elevated in the 2.0% SRU treatment. Conversely, amylolytic bacterial counts exhibited a declining trend with increasing SRU concentration, decreasing from 6.74 log₁₀ CFU mL⁻¹ in controls to 6.64 log₁₀ CFU mL⁻¹ at 2.0% SRU. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration increased progressively with SRU inclusion level. Acetic acid concentration reached 43.09 mmol L⁻¹ in the 2.0% SRU treatment, representing a significant elevation relative to controls; parallel increases were observed for propionic and butyric acids. These findings demonstrate that dietary SRU supplementation, particularly at 2.0% inclusion, enhances rumen fermentative capacity through selective stimulation of cellulolytic and proteolytic bacterial populations and elevated VFA production, without compromising rumen pH stability.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29200_4dc78ee9d84aeec573c4179447b5f17c.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Evaluation of Biological Control Agents (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae) Compared with the Chemical Insecticide Oxamyl for Management of the Fig Wax Scale Insect (Ceroplastes rusci) and Its Impact on Final Fruit QualityEvaluation of Biological Control Agents (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae) Compared with the Chemical Insecticide Oxamyl for Management of the Fig Wax Scale Insect (Ceroplastes rusci) and Its Impact on Final Fruit Quality86952920110.48311/fsct.2026.119509.83077FARuqayaS. Al-AbadiDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, IraqShaymaaH. Al-ObaidyBiological Control Research Unit, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20260222This laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal efficacy of two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, in comparison with the chemical insecticide Oxamyl 24% SL, against different nymphal instars and adult stages of C. rusci. The goal was to identify effective management strategies that minimize chemical residues and enhance the quality of the final fruit product. The results demonstrated that Oxamyl 24% SL was the most potent treatment, achieving the highest overall mean mortality rates across all stages, with peak efficacy observed against the second nymphal instar (57.58%) and the pre-oviposition adult stage (49.82%). Among the biological agents, B. bassiana exhibited significantly superior pathogenicity compared to M. anisopliae against all tested stages, with overall mean mortality rates ranging from 32.34% to 44.59%. The maximum efficacy of B. bassiana (74.12% mortality) was recorded against the first nymphal instar at 30 days post-exposure, highlighting its cumulative effect. Notably, nymphal stages were consistently more susceptible to all treatments than adult stages. The study concludes that B. bassiana represents a highly promising biological alternative for integration into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Its high cumulative mortality and ability to penetrate the insect's protective wax coating offer a sustainable strategy for suppressing C. rusci populations. Adopting such a biological control agent could significantly reduce reliance on chemical insecticides like Oxamyl, thereby lowering pesticide residues in harvested figs and contributing to the production of safer, higher-quality fruit for the fresh market and food processing industries.This laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal efficacy of two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, in comparison with the chemical insecticide Oxamyl 24% SL, against different nymphal instars and adult stages of C. rusci. The goal was to identify effective management strategies that minimize chemical residues and enhance the quality of the final fruit product. The results demonstrated that Oxamyl 24% SL was the most potent treatment, achieving the highest overall mean mortality rates across all stages, with peak efficacy observed against the second nymphal instar (57.58%) and the pre-oviposition adult stage (49.82%). Among the biological agents, B. bassiana exhibited significantly superior pathogenicity compared to M. anisopliae against all tested stages, with overall mean mortality rates ranging from 32.34% to 44.59%. The maximum efficacy of B. bassiana (74.12% mortality) was recorded against the first nymphal instar at 30 days post-exposure, highlighting its cumulative effect. Notably, nymphal stages were consistently more susceptible to all treatments than adult stages. The study concludes that B. bassiana represents a highly promising biological alternative for integration into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Its high cumulative mortality and ability to penetrate the insect's protective wax coating offer a sustainable strategy for suppressing C. rusci populations. Adopting such a biological control agent could significantly reduce reliance on chemical insecticides like Oxamyl, thereby lowering pesticide residues in harvested figs and contributing to the production of safer, higher-quality fruit for the fresh market and food processing industries.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29201_6774b4304eb6167c263fa777644370aa.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Molecular Characterization and Phytotoxic Metabolite Profiling of Nigrospora oryzae and N. sphaerica Isolates from Date Palm: Implications for Food Safety and Postharvest QualityMolecular Characterization and Phytotoxic Metabolite Profiling of Nigrospora oryzae and N. sphaerica Isolates from Date Palm: Implications for Food Safety and Postharvest Quality961102920210.48311/fsct.2026.119510.83078FAAliZ. AbedDepartment of Plant Protection, Agricultural College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Republic of IraqBaidaaG. OfiDepartment of Plant Protection, Agricultural College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Republic of IraqMohammedH. AbassDepartment of Plant Protection, Agricultural College, University of Basrah, Basrah, Republic of IraqJournal Article20260222This study investigated the phytotoxic potential of two Nigrospora species isolated from date palm leaves exhibiting leaf spot symptoms, with emphasis on their biochemical interactions with the host and implications for fruit safety. Morphological characterization combined with molecular identification based on ITS gene sequencing confirmed the identity of the isolates as Nigrospora oryzae and N. sphaerica, showing 100% similarity with reference strains in the NCBI database (accession numbers MH855300.1 and PV107334.1, respectively). Phytotoxicity assessment through infiltration of culture filtrates into healthy date palm leaves revealed significant biochemical alterations indicative of stress and potential metabolite translocation. Treated leaves exhibited elevated levels of carbohydrates, free proline, and phenolic compounds, suggesting a defense response to fungal metabolites. Notably, catalase activity decreased significantly from 1.6 mmol/min/g in untreated controls to 1.5 and 1.03 mmol/min/g following N. oryzae and N. sphaerica treatments, respectively, indicating impaired oxidative stress regulation. Total soluble protein levels declined in treated leaves, while free amino acids increased markedly in N. oryzae-treated tissues (9.67 mg/g FW). Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evident, with hydrogen peroxide levels increasing ninefold in response to N. oryzae culture filtrates. Lipid peroxidation, measured as malondialdehyde (MDA), rose from 2.22 nmol/g in controls to 4.90 and 3.30 nmol/g in N. oryzae and N. sphaerica treatments, respectively. These findings demonstrate that both Nigrospora species produce phytotoxic metabolites capable of inducing oxidative stress and cellular damage in date palm tissues.This study investigated the phytotoxic potential of two Nigrospora species isolated from date palm leaves exhibiting leaf spot symptoms, with emphasis on their biochemical interactions with the host and implications for fruit safety. Morphological characterization combined with molecular identification based on ITS gene sequencing confirmed the identity of the isolates as Nigrospora oryzae and N. sphaerica, showing 100% similarity with reference strains in the NCBI database (accession numbers MH855300.1 and PV107334.1, respectively). Phytotoxicity assessment through infiltration of culture filtrates into healthy date palm leaves revealed significant biochemical alterations indicative of stress and potential metabolite translocation. Treated leaves exhibited elevated levels of carbohydrates, free proline, and phenolic compounds, suggesting a defense response to fungal metabolites. Notably, catalase activity decreased significantly from 1.6 mmol/min/g in untreated controls to 1.5 and 1.03 mmol/min/g following N. oryzae and N. sphaerica treatments, respectively, indicating impaired oxidative stress regulation. Total soluble protein levels declined in treated leaves, while free amino acids increased markedly in N. oryzae-treated tissues (9.67 mg/g FW). Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evident, with hydrogen peroxide levels increasing ninefold in response to N. oryzae culture filtrates. Lipid peroxidation, measured as malondialdehyde (MDA), rose from 2.22 nmol/g in controls to 4.90 and 3.30 nmol/g in N. oryzae and N. sphaerica treatments, respectively. These findings demonstrate that both Nigrospora species produce phytotoxic metabolites capable of inducing oxidative stress and cellular damage in date palm tissues.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29202_d023867f3674a2d8514221428c6760ef.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Impact of Drought and Salinity on Microbial Dynamics in Soil and Water Ecosystems from Central to Southern Iraq: Implications for the Safety and Security of Agricultural Raw Materials in the Food IndustryImpact of Drought and Salinity on Microbial Dynamics in Soil and Water Ecosystems from Central to Southern Iraq: Implications for the Safety and Security of Agricultural Raw Materials in the Food Industry1111252920310.48311/fsct.2026.119712.83088FAMAHERA . AlmohemedyIraqi University - College of Engineering / Baghdad, Iraq.ZahraaJassim Kadhim Al-budairyIraqi Ministry of Agriculture - Diwaniyah Agriculture Directorate / Central Agriculture Division.LumaS. Al-TaweelDepartment of Soil Science and Water Resource, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.RaidShaalan JarallahDepartment of Soil Science and Water Resource, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq.HayderAzeez Ali Al-SheblyOptometry Department, Najaf Technical Institute, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University,
Najaf, Iraq.AmelAmelDepartment of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.Journal Article20260324Drought and salinity represent critical environmental stressors that profoundly shape ecosystem structure and function in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. In central and southern Iraq, prolonged water scarcity, declining river flows, rising temperatures, and increasing soil and water salinization have drastically transformed both terrestrial and aquatic environments. This review synthesizes available—though limited—peer-reviewed information on the dynamics of microbial communities in soil and aquatic systems under drought and salinity stress, with a specific focus on central and southern Iraq. Rather than making unsupported claims about direct applications to food safety, this paper identifies conceptual links between microbially mediated processes (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling) and potential indirect implications for soil fertility, water quality, and agricultural raw material quality. The review explicitly acknowledges the absence of direct pathogen transfer or food safety endpoint data from Iraqi ecosystems and proposes a hypothesis-generating framework rather than definitive conclusions. By cautiously linking environmental microbiology to food safety considerations, this review aims to support future hypothesis-driven research under current climate change conditions in Iraq.Drought and salinity represent critical environmental stressors that profoundly shape ecosystem structure and function in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide. In central and southern Iraq, prolonged water scarcity, declining river flows, rising temperatures, and increasing soil and water salinization have drastically transformed both terrestrial and aquatic environments. This review synthesizes available—though limited—peer-reviewed information on the dynamics of microbial communities in soil and aquatic systems under drought and salinity stress, with a specific focus on central and southern Iraq. Rather than making unsupported claims about direct applications to food safety, this paper identifies conceptual links between microbially mediated processes (carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling) and potential indirect implications for soil fertility, water quality, and agricultural raw material quality. The review explicitly acknowledges the absence of direct pathogen transfer or food safety endpoint data from Iraqi ecosystems and proposes a hypothesis-generating framework rather than definitive conclusions. By cautiously linking environmental microbiology to food safety considerations, this review aims to support future hypothesis-driven research under current climate change conditions in Iraq.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29203_4ce43eeff8805bee6936a5bcb383edc6.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Assessment of Environmental Factors Affecting Red Palm Weevil Dissemination and Their Implications for Raw Material Supply Chain Security in the Food Industry (Case Study: Safwan District, 2023–2024)Assessment of Environmental Factors Affecting Red Palm Weevil Dissemination and Their Implications for Raw Material Supply Chain Security in the Food Industry (Case Study: Safwan District, 2023–2024)1261382920410.48311/fsct.2026.119714.83090FASanaaSakhar AbbasPlant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basra, IraqAliZagi AbdulqaderPlant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basra, IraqJournal Article20260324The results showed the year-round presence of red palm weevils in all study areas. Monthly variations in adult populations were observed throughout the two years, with fluctuations in population numbers occurring in three peak periods during May, December, and April, with the highest rates (4.38, 4.25, and 4.19 insects per trap, respectively). The lowest insect densities were recorded during February, September, and October, with densities of 1.08, 1.19, and 2.06 insects per trap, respectively, in 2023. In 2024, four peak periods were observed during April, November, May, and October, with densities of 6.96, 6.44, 6.23, and 6.17 insects per trap, respectively. The lowest densities were recorded during January, December, February, and July, with densities of 1.96, 2.06, 2.98, and 3.35 insects per trap, respectively. The insect population in the eastern Safwan region increased to 6.09 and 10.28 insects per trap, compared to the lowest density in the Kharda region (1.26 and 2.57 insects per trap) in 2023 and 2024, respectively. It was observed that higher densities (3.19 and 5.39) insects/trap were recorded for females compared to males, which recorded densities that did not exceed (2.24 and 3.60) insects/trap, with an average sex ratio for males of 41.27 and 40% and for females 58.72 and 59.97% for the years 2023 and 2024 respectively. This study does not include direct measurements of food safety endpoints (e.g., pathogen or contaminant levels in dates). The findings are limited to pest population dynamics and are intended to inform integrated pest management strategies.The results showed the year-round presence of red palm weevils in all study areas. Monthly variations in adult populations were observed throughout the two years, with fluctuations in population numbers occurring in three peak periods during May, December, and April, with the highest rates (4.38, 4.25, and 4.19 insects per trap, respectively). The lowest insect densities were recorded during February, September, and October, with densities of 1.08, 1.19, and 2.06 insects per trap, respectively, in 2023. In 2024, four peak periods were observed during April, November, May, and October, with densities of 6.96, 6.44, 6.23, and 6.17 insects per trap, respectively. The lowest densities were recorded during January, December, February, and July, with densities of 1.96, 2.06, 2.98, and 3.35 insects per trap, respectively. The insect population in the eastern Safwan region increased to 6.09 and 10.28 insects per trap, compared to the lowest density in the Kharda region (1.26 and 2.57 insects per trap) in 2023 and 2024, respectively. It was observed that higher densities (3.19 and 5.39) insects/trap were recorded for females compared to males, which recorded densities that did not exceed (2.24 and 3.60) insects/trap, with an average sex ratio for males of 41.27 and 40% and for females 58.72 and 59.97% for the years 2023 and 2024 respectively. This study does not include direct measurements of food safety endpoints (e.g., pathogen or contaminant levels in dates). The findings are limited to pest population dynamics and are intended to inform integrated pest management strategies.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29204_d57c3910d36def0f811078b484fd8530.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Using Magnetic Levitation to Identify Types of Iranian Cooking Oils Based on Densityاستفاده از شناوری مغناطیسی برای تشخیص انواع روغن های پخت و پزایرانی بر اساس چگالی1391592920510.48311/fsct.2026.119859.83109FAمژگانمرادی دورهدانشکده شیمی. دانشگاه لرستان. خرم آباد. ایرانکمالعلیزادهدانشکده شیمی.دانشگاه لرستان. خرم آباد. ایران0000-0001-6346-4468علیدانش فردانشکده شیمی. دانشگاه لرستان. خرم آباد. ایران0000-0002-7183-3590Journal Article20260505Public health is significantly affected by the consumption of impure edible oils and the repeated reuse of cooking oils. Although traditional analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, offer high precision, their reliance on complex and costly instrumentation limits their application outside laboratory settings. This study introduces an accessible and cost-effective analytical approach based on magnetic levitation (Maglev) for evaluating oil quality and detecting impurity in Iranian edible oils, including Kermanshahi animal fat and olive oil. The technique exploits density variations among oil samples to establish their levitation equilibrium in a paramagnetic fluid, enabling simple visual differentiation. To validate the performance of the Maglev method, controlled adulteration of Kermanshahi animal fat was carried out using graded concentrations of bovine fat, industrial hard fats, and semi-solid oils. In addition, the capability of the system to distinguish pure olive oil from industrial liquid oils was investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the Maglev technique reliably detects impurities and provides semi-quantitative estimates of oil purity. The system is characterized by its simplicity and portability, requires no electrical power, and uses minimal components—specifically two permanent magnets and a paramagnetic solution. These features make Maglev a promising tool for on-site quality control, food safety monitoring, rapid contamination screening, and prevention of adulteration in regions with limited technical infrastructure.سلامت عمومی به طور قابل توجهی با مصرف روغن‌های خوراکی ناخالص و استفاده مجدد مکرر از روغن‌های پخت و پز به خطر می‌افتد. اگرچه تکنیک‌های تحلیلی سنتی یعنی کروماتوگرافی گازی و کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارایی بالا دقت بالایی دارند، اما اتکای آنها به ابزارهای پیچیده و پرهزینه، کاربرد عملی آنها را در خارج از محیط‌های آزمایشگاهی محدود می‌کند. این تحقیق یک رویکرد تحلیلی در دسترس و مقرون به صرفه مبتنی بر شناوری مغناطیسی MagLev) ) را برای ارزیابی کیفیت روغن و شناسایی آلاینده‌ها معرفی می‌کند. این تکنیک از تغییرات چگالی در نمونه‌های روغن برای ایجاد تعادل شناوری آنها در یک سیال پارامغناطیسی استفاده می‌کند و تمایز دیداری را تسهیل می‌کند. برای اعتبارسنجی اثربخشی روش MagLev، وجود ناخالصی کنترل‌شده چربی حیوانی کرمانشاهی با استفاده از غلظت‌های درجه‌بندی‌شده چربی گاوی، چربی‌های سخت صنعتی و روغن‌های نیمه جامد انجام شد. علاوه بر این، توانایی سیستم در تشخیص روغن زیتون خالص از روغن‌های مایع درجه صنعتی بررسی شد. نتایج تجربی نشان می‌دهد که تکنیک MagLev به طور قابل اعتمادی ناخالصی‌ها را تشخیص می‌دهد و تخمین‌های نیمه کمی از خلوص را ارائه می‌دهد. این سیستم به دلیل سادگی و قابلیت حمل، عملکرد بدون ورودی الکتریکی و استفاده از حداقل اجزا، به ویژه دو آهنربای دائمی و یک محلول پارامغناطیس، قابل توجه است. این ویژگی‌ها، MagLev را به ابزاری جذاب برای استقرار در محل در تضمین کیفیت، نظارت بر ایمنی مواد غذایی، غربالگری سریع آلودگی و جلوگیری از سودجویی غیرقانونی در محیط‌هایی با زیرساخت فنی محدود تبدیل می‌کند.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29205_9b0bb812b40cb63d352715c0040dbfba.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923The effect of integrated fertilization on the growth and yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and some active compounds under plastic covers.The effect of integrated fertilization on the growth and yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and some active compounds under plastic covers.1601712920610.48311/fsct.2026.119878.83111FAAliNadhim AbdulameerPresidency of Al-Qadisiyah University / Agricultural DivisionMuayadAbdulrazzaq MohammedMinistry of Education - General Directorate of Education in Qadisiyah - Vocational Education Department/IraqHayderMakki JiheelMinistry of Education - General Directorate of Education in Qadisiyah - Vocational Education Department - Al-Diwaniyah Agricultural Preparatory School/IraqJournal Article20260421The study aimed to determine the effect of three factors: the first factor was a single biofertilizer and a mixture of the fungus Glomus moassea and the bacteria Azospirulum ssp. , the second factor was poultry manure (M) at three levels (2, 5, and 7 t.ha-1); and the third factor (R) was the recommended fertilizer K2O, P2O5, N it is (160, 160, and 200 kg.ha-1) at three levels (10, 20, and 30)%. The R.C.B.D. design was used in the field factorial experiment. The results showed that the mixed bioinoculation (A+B) gave the highest significant increase in single inoculations and additives at all levels. the treatment of the bioinoculation mixture Glomus mossea + Azospirillum spp. with M7 (t. ha⁻¹) of poultry manure achieved the highest significant increase among all dauple interactions. In the triple interaction, the treatment Glomus mossea + Azospirillum spp. + M7 + R20 % achieved the highest significant increase in all studied traits across the entire field experiment. The parameters measured were the number of (leaves plant -1), the percentage of volatile oils and polyphenols in basil leaves (mg GAE.g-1), the number of Azospirillum SPP bacteria, and the percentage of root infection by mycorrhizae (%). The triple interaction resulted in the highest significant increase in the above parameters (34, 62, 23, 76, and 75) respectively compared to the control treatment. The results of the field experiment confirmed that the economic costs of fertilizers can be reduced while maintaining soil health and product quality, thus encouraging sustainable agriculture.The study aimed to determine the effect of three factors: the first factor was a single biofertilizer and a mixture of the fungus Glomus moassea and the bacteria Azospirulum ssp. , the second factor was poultry manure (M) at three levels (2, 5, and 7 t.ha-1); and the third factor (R) was the recommended fertilizer K2O, P2O5, N it is (160, 160, and 200 kg.ha-1) at three levels (10, 20, and 30)%. The R.C.B.D. design was used in the field factorial experiment. The results showed that the mixed bioinoculation (A+B) gave the highest significant increase in single inoculations and additives at all levels. the treatment of the bioinoculation mixture Glomus mossea + Azospirillum spp. with M7 (t. ha⁻¹) of poultry manure achieved the highest significant increase among all dauple interactions. In the triple interaction, the treatment Glomus mossea + Azospirillum spp. + M7 + R20 % achieved the highest significant increase in all studied traits across the entire field experiment. The parameters measured were the number of (leaves plant -1), the percentage of volatile oils and polyphenols in basil leaves (mg GAE.g-1), the number of Azospirillum SPP bacteria, and the percentage of root infection by mycorrhizae (%). The triple interaction resulted in the highest significant increase in the above parameters (34, 62, 23, 76, and 75) respectively compared to the control treatment. The results of the field experiment confirmed that the economic costs of fertilizers can be reduced while maintaining soil health and product quality, thus encouraging sustainable agriculture.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29206_24cc4e6e1e5504cef39f1aadd7b09d79.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacillus Cereus Isolates from Different Infectious SourcesAntimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacillus Cereus Isolates from Different Infectious Sources1721822920710.48311/fsct.2026.120085.83112FAMoammalF. HawadDepartment of applied biological science, College of biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.MohsinHashim Risan2Department of applied biological science, College of biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.MalikaAlili3Department of Natural Sciences, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba (ENS Kouba), B.PN°92 16308 Algiers, Algeria.MuntadherMahmood Abo-Hailah Abo-TabikhDepartment of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of AL- Qadisiyah, Iraq.Journal Article20260424The study aimed to evaluate and compare the susceptibility of Bacillus cereus isolates to antimicrobials isolated from a variety of locations in Iraq. 120 samples, consisting of 20 clinical and 100 food-derived samples. The samples were cultured on Nutrient Agar, Blood Agar and Polymyxin Pyruvate Egg Yolk Mannitol Bromothymol Blue Agar (PEMBA) medium, and the final confirmation of the B. cereus isolates were performed using the VITEK® 2 system. representative clinical and food isolates were compared against a group of antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method according to the CLSI M45 A3 2024 standards. The distribution of the inhibition zones. The food isolates had the greatest level of susceptibility to the antibiotics tested (39.83% susceptibility to carbapenems, followed by 27.12% susceptibility to fluoroquinolones). All the other antibiotics showed less than half the level of inhibition (glycopeptides 11.44%; aminoglycosides 11.02%; tetracyclines 10.59%). In contrast to the food derived strains, the clinical isolates showed lower levels of inhibition than found in all tested food derived strains (32.10% susceptibility to carbapenems and 29.63% to fluoroquinolones), with both aminoglycosides and tetracyclines having 12.96% respectively and glycopeptides 12.35%. Both the food derived and clinical strains exhibited 100% level of intrinsic resistance (0.0%) to trimethoprim. The study provided data indicating there are substantial differences between the efficacy of several classes of antimicrobial agents against B. cereus.The study aimed to evaluate and compare the susceptibility of Bacillus cereus isolates to antimicrobials isolated from a variety of locations in Iraq. 120 samples, consisting of 20 clinical and 100 food-derived samples. The samples were cultured on Nutrient Agar, Blood Agar and Polymyxin Pyruvate Egg Yolk Mannitol Bromothymol Blue Agar (PEMBA) medium, and the final confirmation of the B. cereus isolates were performed using the VITEK® 2 system. representative clinical and food isolates were compared against a group of antimicrobials using the disk diffusion method according to the CLSI M45 A3 2024 standards. The distribution of the inhibition zones. The food isolates had the greatest level of susceptibility to the antibiotics tested (39.83% susceptibility to carbapenems, followed by 27.12% susceptibility to fluoroquinolones). All the other antibiotics showed less than half the level of inhibition (glycopeptides 11.44%; aminoglycosides 11.02%; tetracyclines 10.59%). In contrast to the food derived strains, the clinical isolates showed lower levels of inhibition than found in all tested food derived strains (32.10% susceptibility to carbapenems and 29.63% to fluoroquinolones), with both aminoglycosides and tetracyclines having 12.96% respectively and glycopeptides 12.35%. Both the food derived and clinical strains exhibited 100% level of intrinsic resistance (0.0%) to trimethoprim. The study provided data indicating there are substantial differences between the efficacy of several classes of antimicrobial agents against B. cereus.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29207_adfacb714c53751aee5b8fefeb8426ce.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Study of the Synergistic effect of Thymus vulgaris fatty acids and Spirogyra, against some pathogenic bacteriaStudy of the Synergistic effect of Thymus vulgaris fatty acids and Spirogyra, against some pathogenic bacteria1831942920810.48311/fsct.2026.120086.83113FAFawwazFadhil Ali1- Plant Production Techniques Dept., Technical Agricultural College, Northern Technical University,Mosul, IraqMira AusamaAL Katib2- Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Mosul, Mosul, IraqFawwazFadhil Ali3- Animal Production Techniques Dept., Technical Agricultural College, Northern Technical University,Mosul, IraqMohammedR. Najm4- Plant Production Techniques Dept., Technical Agricultural College, Northern Technical University,Mosul, IraqZahraaZahraw, Farhan5- Envirmmental research center, University of Technology, Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20260424Multidrug-resistant bacteria are a growing global concern, necessitating urgent action to discover alternatives to antibiotics. The current research focused on the discovery of the identified terpene extracted from Thymus vulgaris (T) and Spirogyra spp, respectively, using the saponification process and a GC-MS device. The extracts were tested for their antibacterial activity, either alone or in combination, and compared with the activity of each extract alone. The results indicated an apparent synergetic effect when the combination of two extracts was used against P. aeruginosa and E coli. The inhibitory and synergistic activities of the separated active compounds showed inhibitory effects against the tested bacteria, promising to develop a new treatment to cope with increasingly rised multidrug-resistant bacteria by recruiting natural plant products. Notably, the combination of both extracts exhibited a clear synergistic effect, producing larger inhibition zones against P. aeruginosa (14 mm) and E. coli (16 mm) compared to either extract alone. In contrast, an antagonistic effect was observed against S. aureus. These findings highlight the promising synergistic potential of combining natural plant and algal products to combat specific MDR bacterial pathogens, warranting further purification and in-depth mechanistic studies.Multidrug-resistant bacteria are a growing global concern, necessitating urgent action to discover alternatives to antibiotics. The current research focused on the discovery of the identified terpene extracted from Thymus vulgaris (T) and Spirogyra spp, respectively, using the saponification process and a GC-MS device. The extracts were tested for their antibacterial activity, either alone or in combination, and compared with the activity of each extract alone. The results indicated an apparent synergetic effect when the combination of two extracts was used against P. aeruginosa and E coli. The inhibitory and synergistic activities of the separated active compounds showed inhibitory effects against the tested bacteria, promising to develop a new treatment to cope with increasingly rised multidrug-resistant bacteria by recruiting natural plant products. Notably, the combination of both extracts exhibited a clear synergistic effect, producing larger inhibition zones against P. aeruginosa (14 mm) and E. coli (16 mm) compared to either extract alone. In contrast, an antagonistic effect was observed against S. aureus. These findings highlight the promising synergistic potential of combining natural plant and algal products to combat specific MDR bacterial pathogens, warranting further purification and in-depth mechanistic studies.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29208_a01874b1881feb4f498d3f877bd41e62.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Nano-Enhanced Antifungal and Antimycotoxigenic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Against Mycotoxigenic FungiNano-Enhanced Antifungal and Antimycotoxigenic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Against Mycotoxigenic Fungi1952232920910.48311/fsct.2026.120269.83131FAMunaJ. N. Al-TamimiDepartment of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Karbala, IraqBanM. H. Al-ZobaidyDepartment of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Karbala, IraqJournal Article20260504The problem of mycotoxin contamination is considered one of the key threats to food safety, agricultural production, and public health worldwide. The current study aimed at exploring the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic properties of Ganoderma lucidum ethanolic extract (GLEE) and its nano-formulated version towards mycotoxigenic fungi in legumes, cereals, and nuts. Thirteen mycotoxigenic fungi, comprising such genera as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria, have been isolated by employing both morphological and molecular approaches, Aspergillus flavus being predominant in composition. The nano-formulation of GLE was based on the value of the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the crude extract (2.5 mg/mL). According to the data obtained, the MIC value of GLE was 2 mg/mL and the MFC value amounted to 2.5 mg/mL, while the application of nano-formulation caused a decrease in those parameters to 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL, correspondingly. Moreover, the HPLC analysis revealed an evident drop in the level of mycotoxin synthesis in the samples under investigation. It can be concluded that nano-formulation leads to an increase in the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic effects of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Thus, nano-formulated G. lucidum can be regarded as a potentially useful approach to mycotoxigenic fungi control.The problem of mycotoxin contamination is considered one of the key threats to food safety, agricultural production, and public health worldwide. The current study aimed at exploring the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic properties of Ganoderma lucidum ethanolic extract (GLEE) and its nano-formulated version towards mycotoxigenic fungi in legumes, cereals, and nuts. Thirteen mycotoxigenic fungi, comprising such genera as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria, have been isolated by employing both morphological and molecular approaches, Aspergillus flavus being predominant in composition. The nano-formulation of GLE was based on the value of the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the crude extract (2.5 mg/mL). According to the data obtained, the MIC value of GLE was 2 mg/mL and the MFC value amounted to 2.5 mg/mL, while the application of nano-formulation caused a decrease in those parameters to 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL, correspondingly. Moreover, the HPLC analysis revealed an evident drop in the level of mycotoxin synthesis in the samples under investigation. It can be concluded that nano-formulation leads to an increase in the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic effects of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. Thus, nano-formulated G. lucidum can be regarded as a potentially useful approach to mycotoxigenic fungi control.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29209_992293aa502a94d9d76d1d0313c00873.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Green Extraction of Anthocyanins from Autumn Leaves: Comparative Evaluation of Food-Grade Solvent SystemsGreen Extraction of Anthocyanins from Autumn Leaves: Comparative Evaluation of Food-Grade Solvent Systems2242342921010.48311/fsct.2026.120287.83133FAVafaAtayevaآکادمی ملی علوم آذربایجان، مرکز علمی منطقه‌ای شکی0000-0002-9886-2500AyshanSalmanova1. Mingachevir State University, Azerbaijan
2. Shaki Regional Scientific Center, ANAS, Azerbaijan0000-0003-0636-4369IlgarIsmayilovShaki Regional Scientific Center, ANAS, Azerbaijan0009-0004-9283-7576KhayalValibayovShaki Regional Scientific Center, ANAS, Azerbaijan0009-0005-2353-5950Journal Article20260505TThis study investigates the potential of autumn leaves of Smilax excelsa L., typically regarded as agricultural residue, for the green extraction of anthocyanin-rich bioextracts. Four food-grade solvent systems - ethanol (EtOH), citric acid (100 mM), EtOH: Citric acid (1:1), and DMSO: EtOH: Citric acid (1:1:1) were evaluated for their extraction efficiency of anthocyanins. The total anthocyanin content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 520 nm and expressed as cyanidin-3-glucoside (C-3-G) equivalents based on a calibration curve (R² = 0.98994). The highest anthocyanin yield was obtained with the EtOH: Citric acid binary system (11.325 µg), followed by citric acid alone (10.254 µg), DMSO: EtOH: Citric acid (9.479 µg), and ethanol alone (8.736 µg). The EtOH: Citric acid extract also exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (89.38±0.89 % inhibition), while the ethanol extract showed the lowest (74.2±0.81%). Interestingly, although the DES-like ternary system (DMSO: EtOH: Citric acid) demonstrated moderate anthocyanin yield, it displayed rapid free radical scavenging kinetics, suggesting the extraction of additional bioactive compounds beyond anthocyanins. These findings demonstrate that the combination of ethanol and citric acid provides synergistic effects, enhancing both extraction efficiency and antioxidant capacity. The utilization of post-vegetative autumn leaves represents a sustainable approach that aligns with circular economy principles, converting low-value biomass into high-value functional ingredients for the food industry.This study investigates the potential of autumn leaves of Smilax excelsa L., typically regarded as agricultural residue, for the green extraction of anthocyanin-rich bioextracts. Four food-grade solvent systems - ethanol (EtOH), citric acid (100 mM), EtOH: Citric acid (1:1), and DMSO: EtOH: Citric acid (1:1:1) were evaluated for their extraction efficiency of anthocyanins. The total anthocyanin content was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 520 nm and expressed as cyanidin-3-glucoside (C-3-G) equivalents based on a calibration curve (R² = 0.98994). The highest anthocyanin yield was obtained with the EtOH: Citric acid binary system (11.325 µg), followed by citric acid alone (10.254 µg), DMSO: EtOH: Citric acid (9.479 µg), and ethanol alone (8.736 µg). The EtOH: Citric acid extract also exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (89.38±0.89 % inhibition), while the ethanol extract showed the lowest (74.2±0.81%). Interestingly, although the DES-like ternary system (DMSO: EtOH: Citric acid) demonstrated moderate anthocyanin yield, it displayed rapid free radical scavenging kinetics, suggesting the extraction of additional bioactive compounds beyond anthocyanins. These findings demonstrate that the combination of ethanol and citric acid provides synergistic effects, enhancing both extraction efficiency and antioxidant capacity. The utilization of post-vegetative autumn leaves represents a sustainable approach that aligns with circular economy principles, converting low-value biomass into high-value functional ingredients for the food industry.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29210_7362b26d78069dd38f4b45743fddc7ee.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Modulation of Gardenia jasminoides Callus Growth and Secondary Metabolite Profiles by Light Sources and Nanoparticles In Vitro.Modulation of Gardenia jasminoides Callus Growth and Secondary Metabolite Profiles by Light Sources and Nanoparticles In Vitro.2352442921110.48311/fsct.2026.120698.83156FAAhmadHadi HamzaDepartment of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, IraqMakkiN. NayefDepartment of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, IraqJournal Article20260523The nanoparticles used in this study were zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO), with an average particle size of <50 nm, a zeta potential of -20 mV to -30 mV, and a concentration of 0.25 mg/L. Nanoparticles were suspended in sterile distilled water using ultrasonication for 30 minutes before adding to the culture medium. No additional stabilizers were used. Particle characterization was performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm size and stability. The experiment involved two factors: the first was three levels of light exposure (white fluorescent, red LED, and blue LED), and the second was nanoparticles (zinc nanoparticles and copper nanoparticles) at a concentration of 0.25 mg. For comparison, separate control treatments were included using the corresponding bulk material (zinc sulfate and copper sulfate) at the same concentration to distinguish nanoparticle-specific effects from ionic effects. The experiment was conducted on gardenia callus. The results showed positive effects on the production of secondary metabolites in the gardenia callus. The red light treatment resulted in the highest levels of the following secondary metabolites: apgenin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, and kaempferol (72.46, 94.23, 123.34, and 67.21 µg/kg fresh weight, respectively), compared to the darkness treatment, which yielded the lowest levels of these metabolites. The study also showed positive results regarding the production of secondary metabolites in plant callus.The nanoparticles used in this study were zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO), with an average particle size of <50 nm, a zeta potential of -20 mV to -30 mV, and a concentration of 0.25 mg/L. Nanoparticles were suspended in sterile distilled water using ultrasonication for 30 minutes before adding to the culture medium. No additional stabilizers were used. Particle characterization was performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm size and stability. The experiment involved two factors: the first was three levels of light exposure (white fluorescent, red LED, and blue LED), and the second was nanoparticles (zinc nanoparticles and copper nanoparticles) at a concentration of 0.25 mg. For comparison, separate control treatments were included using the corresponding bulk material (zinc sulfate and copper sulfate) at the same concentration to distinguish nanoparticle-specific effects from ionic effects. The experiment was conducted on gardenia callus. The results showed positive effects on the production of secondary metabolites in the gardenia callus. The red light treatment resulted in the highest levels of the following secondary metabolites: apgenin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, and kaempferol (72.46, 94.23, 123.34, and 67.21 µg/kg fresh weight, respectively), compared to the darkness treatment, which yielded the lowest levels of these metabolites. The study also showed positive results regarding the production of secondary metabolites in plant callus.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29211_508cb643c0ea0e2f6451bba7aa5cfb64.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923The Use of Bone Fragments as Sources of Calcium and Phosphorus in Fortifying Children's SoupsThe Use of Bone Fragments as Sources of Calcium and Phosphorus in Fortifying Children's Soups2452542921210.48311/fsct.2026.120703.83158FAMahaMuhammad Nafie AliDepartment of Home Economy, University of Baghdad,IraqFatimaFaiq JumaDepartment of Home Economy, University of Baghdad,IraqJournal Article20260523Results showed that chicken bone powder had the highest protein (36.43%), while cattle bone powder had the highest calcium (17.44%) and phosphorus (8.30%). Particle size analysis confirmed 90% of particles <212 µm for all powders, with no sharp or irregular fragments observed under light microscopy. Microbiological testing showed no pathogenic bacteria in any powder after thermal pretreatment. Fortification at 30% increased soup protein to 8.70% (control 1.60%), calcium to 14.90 mg/100g, and phosphorus to 21.48 mg/100g. During refrigerated storage, pH decreased from 6.2 to 5.8 over 7 days, and viscosity increased by 22% in 30% fortified samples due to gelatinization, with microbial counts remaining below 10^4^ CFU/g for the first 3 days. Sensory evaluation indicated best acceptance at 10% addition, especially for cattle bone powder; higher ratios negatively affected texture. Compared to conventional fortification using tricalcium phosphate (TCP) at equivalent calcium levels, the bone powder at 10% achieved similar calcium content but with additional protein and lower production cost (estimated 40% cost reduction). The study confirms that with appropriate thermal pretreatment, particle size control, and limited storage (≤3 days at refrigeration), bone powder can serve as a technologically feasible fortificant in children's soups, though further optimization for industrial scalability (e.g., enzymatic hydrolysis or micronization) is recommended.Results showed that chicken bone powder had the highest protein (36.43%), while cattle bone powder had the highest calcium (17.44%) and phosphorus (8.30%). Particle size analysis confirmed 90% of particles <212 µm for all powders, with no sharp or irregular fragments observed under light microscopy. Microbiological testing showed no pathogenic bacteria in any powder after thermal pretreatment. Fortification at 30% increased soup protein to 8.70% (control 1.60%), calcium to 14.90 mg/100g, and phosphorus to 21.48 mg/100g. During refrigerated storage, pH decreased from 6.2 to 5.8 over 7 days, and viscosity increased by 22% in 30% fortified samples due to gelatinization, with microbial counts remaining below 10^4^ CFU/g for the first 3 days. Sensory evaluation indicated best acceptance at 10% addition, especially for cattle bone powder; higher ratios negatively affected texture. Compared to conventional fortification using tricalcium phosphate (TCP) at equivalent calcium levels, the bone powder at 10% achieved similar calcium content but with additional protein and lower production cost (estimated 40% cost reduction). The study confirms that with appropriate thermal pretreatment, particle size control, and limited storage (≤3 days at refrigeration), bone powder can serve as a technologically feasible fortificant in children's soups, though further optimization for industrial scalability (e.g., enzymatic hydrolysis or micronization) is recommended.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29212_070ffad3c0f12da66ca3b5d0c2d23069.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Effect of Spraying with Salicylic Acid and Glutamine on the Growth, Yield, and Post-Harvest Food Quality of Hydroponically Grown Green Onions (Allium fistulosum)Effect of Spraying with Salicylic Acid and Glutamine on the Growth, Yield, and Post-Harvest Food Quality of Hydroponically Grown Green Onions (Allium fistulosum)2552622921310.48311/fsct.2026.120942.83178FALubnaAli Abdel FattahFaculty of Agriculture - University of Karbala, Department of Horticulture and Landscape EngineeringMohammedHadi ObaidFaculty of Agriculture - University of Karbala, Department of Horticulture and Landscape EngineeringJournal Article20260601The study was undertaken as a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the effect of foliar spraying of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200, 300 mg L⁻¹) and glutamine (0, 50, 100, 200 mg L⁻¹) on growth, yield, and post-harvest food quality parameters of green onion (Allium fistulosum) grown hydroponically. In addition to pre-harvest chemical indices (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total flavonoids, total soluble solids), post-harvest quality attributes relevant to food processing were evaluated, including color stability (L, a, b values) during 14 days of refrigerated storage (4°C), texture firmness (kg/cm²), and sensory acceptability (appearance, flavor, crispness) by a semi-trained panel. Furthermore, the retention of total flavonoids was monitored after simulated minimal processing (washing, cutting, and storage at 4°C for 7 days) to assess the suitability of the produce for fresh-cut food applications. Results indicated significant differences in leaf chemical indices with salicylic acid (300 mg L⁻¹) for nitrogen (1.95%), phosphorus (0.22%), and potassium (1.53%). The same treatment also recorded significant superiority in total soluble solids (8.70%) and total flavonoids (38.78 mg/g fresh weight). Glutamine (200 mg L⁻¹) gave nitrogen (1.81%), phosphorus (0.24%), potassium (1.38%), total soluble solids (8.05%), and total flavonoids (34.68 mg/g fresh weight). The interaction (S3G3) achieved the highest values: nitrogen (2.06%), potassium (1.55%), phosphorus (0.22%), total soluble solids (9.20%), and total flavonoids (41.99 mg/g fresh weight).The study was undertaken as a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate the effect of foliar spraying of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200, 300 mg L⁻¹) and glutamine (0, 50, 100, 200 mg L⁻¹) on growth, yield, and post-harvest food quality parameters of green onion (Allium fistulosum) grown hydroponically. In addition to pre-harvest chemical indices (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total flavonoids, total soluble solids), post-harvest quality attributes relevant to food processing were evaluated, including color stability (L, a, b values) during 14 days of refrigerated storage (4°C), texture firmness (kg/cm²), and sensory acceptability (appearance, flavor, crispness) by a semi-trained panel. Furthermore, the retention of total flavonoids was monitored after simulated minimal processing (washing, cutting, and storage at 4°C for 7 days) to assess the suitability of the produce for fresh-cut food applications. Results indicated significant differences in leaf chemical indices with salicylic acid (300 mg L⁻¹) for nitrogen (1.95%), phosphorus (0.22%), and potassium (1.53%). The same treatment also recorded significant superiority in total soluble solids (8.70%) and total flavonoids (38.78 mg/g fresh weight). Glutamine (200 mg L⁻¹) gave nitrogen (1.81%), phosphorus (0.24%), potassium (1.38%), total soluble solids (8.05%), and total flavonoids (34.68 mg/g fresh weight). The interaction (S3G3) achieved the highest values: nitrogen (2.06%), potassium (1.55%), phosphorus (0.22%), total soluble solids (9.20%), and total flavonoids (41.99 mg/g fresh weight).https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29213_dc14e10c0ecf8029a86d27e74d140539.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Effect of Growing Medium Type and Foliar Application of K.P.N Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Cherry Tomato under Unheated Greenhouse Conditions.Effect of Growing Medium Type and Foliar Application of K.P.N Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Cherry Tomato under Unheated Greenhouse Conditions.2682742921410.48311/fsct.2026.120945.83181FAAqeelKareem Hasan Al-TufailiDepartment of Horticulture and Landscape, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.KhalidNadhim AliDepartment of Horticulture and Landscape, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.Journal Article20260601The experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf Governorate, during the 2025 growing season to determine the effect of growing medium type and foliar spraying with NPK fertilizer on the growth, yield, and post-harvest quality of cherry tomato fruits. The growing media included four treatments: Sand as the control (C1), a mixture of Peat moss and Perlite (1:1) (C2), a mixture of Peat moss and Perlite (1:2) (C3), and a mixture of Peat moss and Perlite (2:1) (C4). Foliar spraying with NPK fertilizer was applied at concentrations of 0, 3, and 4 g L⁻¹. The experiment was conducted as a Split Plot Design according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. In addition to pre-harvest measurements (plant height, leaf number, leaf area, total chlorophyll, and total yield), a comprehensive post-harvest quality evaluation was performed. This included fruit firmness (kg/cm²), total soluble solids (TSS, %), titratable acidity (%), vitamin C content (mg/100g f.w.), lycopene content (mg/100g f.w.), β-carotene content (mg/100g f.w.), total phenolic content (mg GAE/100g f.w.), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (%). A sensory evaluation using a 9-point hedonic scale was also conducted. The results showed that the C2 growing medium (peat moss:perlite 1:1) combined with NPK at 3 g L⁻¹ significantly improved both yield and post-harvest quality, producing fruits with the highest firmness (3.82 kg/cm²), vitamin C (28.4 mg/100g), total phenolics (145.2 mg GAE/100g), and antioxidant activity (68.7%), as well as the highest sensory acceptability (8.3/9).The experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf Governorate, during the 2025 growing season to determine the effect of growing medium type and foliar spraying with NPK fertilizer on the growth, yield, and post-harvest quality of cherry tomato fruits. The growing media included four treatments: Sand as the control (C1), a mixture of Peat moss and Perlite (1:1) (C2), a mixture of Peat moss and Perlite (1:2) (C3), and a mixture of Peat moss and Perlite (2:1) (C4). Foliar spraying with NPK fertilizer was applied at concentrations of 0, 3, and 4 g L⁻¹. The experiment was conducted as a Split Plot Design according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. In addition to pre-harvest measurements (plant height, leaf number, leaf area, total chlorophyll, and total yield), a comprehensive post-harvest quality evaluation was performed. This included fruit firmness (kg/cm²), total soluble solids (TSS, %), titratable acidity (%), vitamin C content (mg/100g f.w.), lycopene content (mg/100g f.w.), β-carotene content (mg/100g f.w.), total phenolic content (mg GAE/100g f.w.), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (%). A sensory evaluation using a 9-point hedonic scale was also conducted. The results showed that the C2 growing medium (peat moss:perlite 1:1) combined with NPK at 3 g L⁻¹ significantly improved both yield and post-harvest quality, producing fruits with the highest firmness (3.82 kg/cm²), vitamin C (28.4 mg/100g), total phenolics (145.2 mg GAE/100g), and antioxidant activity (68.7%), as well as the highest sensory acceptability (8.3/9).https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29214_d61f3a760c9bcbc9bb75228deddd9379.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Laboratory evaluation of the chemical and qualitative content of several phosphate fertilizers used in agricultural systems compared to the organic fertilizerLaboratory evaluation of the chemical and qualitative content of several phosphate fertilizers used in agricultural systems compared to the organic fertilizer2752862921510.48311/fsct.2026.121301.83224FADhyeaaJameel ObayesDepartment of Soil Science and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, IraqAmeerKhalil YasserDepartment of Soil Science and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Najaf, IraqJournal Article20260615The physicochemical characteristics of fertilizers play a critical role in determining nutrient availability, fertilizer efficiency, and soil chemical reactions after application. This laboratory study aimed to evaluate the chemical properties and nutrient composition of several phosphate and organic fertilizers commonly used in agricultural systems. Four fertilizer sources were investigated, including Jordanian DAP, Saudi DAP, British DAP, and organic fertilizer. Laboratory analyses included electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), solubility percentage, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations. The results revealed substantial variation among fertilizer sources in ionic concentration, dissolution behavior, and nutrient composition. Mineral fertilizers exhibited markedly higher EC and TDS values compared with organic fertilizer, indicating greater ionic strength and salinity potential. Organic fertilizer showed the highest solubility percentage (93.88%) and the greatest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. British DAP fertilizer recorded the highest phosphorus concentration among mineral fertilizers. Variations among fertilizers were attributed to differences in raw material composition, manufacturing processes, and nutrient-bearing compounds. The study confirmed that laboratory evaluation represents an effective approach for predicting fertilizer quality, nutrient release dynamics, and their potential impact on soil chemical behavior.The physicochemical characteristics of fertilizers play a critical role in determining nutrient availability, fertilizer efficiency, and soil chemical reactions after application. This laboratory study aimed to evaluate the chemical properties and nutrient composition of several phosphate and organic fertilizers commonly used in agricultural systems. Four fertilizer sources were investigated, including Jordanian DAP, Saudi DAP, British DAP, and organic fertilizer. Laboratory analyses included electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), solubility percentage, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations. The results revealed substantial variation among fertilizer sources in ionic concentration, dissolution behavior, and nutrient composition. Mineral fertilizers exhibited markedly higher EC and TDS values compared with organic fertilizer, indicating greater ionic strength and salinity potential. Organic fertilizer showed the highest solubility percentage (93.88%) and the greatest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. British DAP fertilizer recorded the highest phosphorus concentration among mineral fertilizers. Variations among fertilizers were attributed to differences in raw material composition, manufacturing processes, and nutrient-bearing compounds. The study confirmed that laboratory evaluation represents an effective approach for predicting fertilizer quality, nutrient release dynamics, and their potential impact on soil chemical behavior.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29215_381dc6cd0e6bfa5feb1f70484171a7a9.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Effect of Replacing Vegetable Oil with Anhydrous Milk Fat on the Quality Properties of Laboratory-Produced Pistachio Cream: Implications for Nutritional Enhancement and Food Product DevelopmentEffect of Replacing Vegetable Oil with Anhydrous Milk Fat on the Quality Properties of Laboratory-Produced Pistachio Cream: Implications for Nutritional Enhancement and Food Product Development2873002921610.48311/fsct.2026.121647.83260FAEmanAli HadiDepartment of Home Economics, College of Education for Girls, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.FarahKarim FanusDepartment of Home Economics, College of Education for Girls, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.ShaimaaAbass DhaherDepartment of Home Economics, College of Education for Girls, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, IraqJournal Article20260629This study aimed to develop pistachio cream with enhanced nutritional value by partially replacing vegetable oil with anhydrous milk fat (animal ghee) at substitution levels of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The laboratory-produced products were analyzed to evaluate the effects of these replacements on chemical composition, fatty acid profile, fat-soluble vitamin content, and sensory properties. Chemical analysis revealed highly significant differences (P≤0.05) among all treatments. Total fat content and unsaturated fatty acids—particularly oleic and linoleic acids—increased with higher substitution levels, while carbohydrate and moisture contents decreased. Notably, fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K showed significant increases, with vitamin A rising from 59.8 mg/100g in the control to 70.3 mg/100g in the 15% substitution treatment, and vitamin E increasing from 145.9 to 164.6 mg/100g, reflecting the nutritional enrichment contributed by anhydrous milk fat. Sensory evaluation results demonstrated enhanced flavor, texture, consistency, and overall appearance in substituted treatments compared to the control, while color remained unaffected. The 15% substitution treatment achieved the highest sensory acceptance scores (91.38 total score) and the best results across most quality parameters. These findings indicate that partial replacement of vegetable oil with anhydrous milk fat is a viable strategy for producing pistachio cream with improved nutritional value, desirable fatty acid composition, enriched fat-soluble vitamin content, and superior sensory characteristics, offering a promising approach for the development of value-added nut-based spreads for the food industry.This study aimed to develop pistachio cream with enhanced nutritional value by partially replacing vegetable oil with anhydrous milk fat (animal ghee) at substitution levels of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The laboratory-produced products were analyzed to evaluate the effects of these replacements on chemical composition, fatty acid profile, fat-soluble vitamin content, and sensory properties. Chemical analysis revealed highly significant differences (P≤0.05) among all treatments. Total fat content and unsaturated fatty acids—particularly oleic and linoleic acids—increased with higher substitution levels, while carbohydrate and moisture contents decreased. Notably, fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K showed significant increases, with vitamin A rising from 59.8 mg/100g in the control to 70.3 mg/100g in the 15% substitution treatment, and vitamin E increasing from 145.9 to 164.6 mg/100g, reflecting the nutritional enrichment contributed by anhydrous milk fat. Sensory evaluation results demonstrated enhanced flavor, texture, consistency, and overall appearance in substituted treatments compared to the control, while color remained unaffected. The 15% substitution treatment achieved the highest sensory acceptance scores (91.38 total score) and the best results across most quality parameters. These findings indicate that partial replacement of vegetable oil with anhydrous milk fat is a viable strategy for producing pistachio cream with improved nutritional value, desirable fatty acid composition, enriched fat-soluble vitamin content, and superior sensory characteristics, offering a promising approach for the development of value-added nut-based spreads for the food industry.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29216_c031d32c88833d1f9a2144071eaf34d9.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923First Record of Mucor piriformis as a Cause of Strawberry Fruit Rot in Iraq and the Effectiveness of Some Safe Strategies in Controlling It and Preventing the Production of Mycotoxins in Stored Fruit: Implications for Food Safety and Postharvest QualFirst Record of Mucor piriformis as a Cause of Strawberry Fruit Rot in Iraq and the Effectiveness of Some Safe Strategies in Controlling It and Preventing the Production of Mycotoxins in Stored Fruit: Implications for Food Safety and Postharvest Qual3013182921710.48311/fsct.2026.121780.83275FADheba HashimAL MousawiPlant Protection Dept., College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, IraqYasirNaser AlhamiriPlant Protection Dept., College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, IraqJournal Article20260703The most prevalent and frequent fungus was M. piriformis. Several isolates showed high virulence in causing the disease. Molecular analyses corroborated the morphological identification of M. piriformis (Kr1Ms). The corresponding genomic sequences were deposited in the NCBI database under accession number PZ281969.1. Importantly, GC-MS analysis confirmed that none of the M. piriformis isolates produced detectable mycotoxins, suggesting that the primary food safety concern associated with this pathogen is spoilage-related quality deterioration rather than mycotoxin contamination. The storage experiment showed that the infection rate in the first week was 0.00% with treatments including gelatin (Je), coriander extract (Cs), calcium propionate (Cp), beeswax (Bw), the combination treatment of bacteria and yeast with gelatin (Sc+Ld+Je), and the integrated treatment (Sc+Ld+Je+Cs+Cp+Path), compared with the control treatments, which reached 100%. The results of the second week showed the superiority of the integrated treatment (Sc+Ld+Je+Cs+Cp+Path), yielding an infection rate of 0.00%, in contrast to the control treatments, which exhibited a 100% infection rate. None of these factors showed efficiency or efficacy in reducing infection during the third week, as the highest infection percentage reached 93.75% in the pathogen-only treatment, whereas the lowest disease severity was recorded in the integrated treatment, reaching 43.75%. These findings demonstrate that integrated biological and natural control strategies can effectively extend the shelf life and maintain the food quality of stored strawberries for up to 14 days, with significant implications for reducing food waste and ensuring food safety in the fresh produce supply chain.The most prevalent and frequent fungus was M. piriformis. Several isolates showed high virulence in causing the disease. Molecular analyses corroborated the morphological identification of M. piriformis (Kr1Ms). The corresponding genomic sequences were deposited in the NCBI database under accession number PZ281969.1. Importantly, GC-MS analysis confirmed that none of the M. piriformis isolates produced detectable mycotoxins, suggesting that the primary food safety concern associated with this pathogen is spoilage-related quality deterioration rather than mycotoxin contamination. The storage experiment showed that the infection rate in the first week was 0.00% with treatments including gelatin (Je), coriander extract (Cs), calcium propionate (Cp), beeswax (Bw), the combination treatment of bacteria and yeast with gelatin (Sc+Ld+Je), and the integrated treatment (Sc+Ld+Je+Cs+Cp+Path), compared with the control treatments, which reached 100%. The results of the second week showed the superiority of the integrated treatment (Sc+Ld+Je+Cs+Cp+Path), yielding an infection rate of 0.00%, in contrast to the control treatments, which exhibited a 100% infection rate. None of these factors showed efficiency or efficacy in reducing infection during the third week, as the highest infection percentage reached 93.75% in the pathogen-only treatment, whereas the lowest disease severity was recorded in the integrated treatment, reaching 43.75%. These findings demonstrate that integrated biological and natural control strategies can effectively extend the shelf life and maintain the food quality of stored strawberries for up to 14 days, with significant implications for reducing food waste and ensuring food safety in the fresh produce supply chain.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29217_f6c744ece7e1a36892eba3a5d2938110.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Biofertilization and Organic Extracts Enhance Vegetative Growth and Yield of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) – Implications for Sustainable Production of High Value Leafy Greens for the Food IndustryBiofertilization and Organic Extracts Enhance Vegetative Growth and Yield of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) – Implications for Sustainable Production of High Value Leafy Greens for the Food Industry3193342921810.48311/fsct.2026.122299.83336FAA.I.MANEAAl-Qasim Green University, College of Agriculture, IraqM.N.AL-GUBOURIAl-Qasim Green University, College of Agriculture, IraqZ.K.AL-MUSSAWIAl-Qasim Green University, College of Agriculture, IraqJournal Article20260720Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) is a nutrient dense leafy green vegetable with growing commercial value for fresh and processed food markets, owing to its high content of vitamins (A, C, K), minerals (calcium, iron), fibre, and bioactive phenolic compounds. A field experiment was conducted at the Abu Al Fadl Forest Nursery Station, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq, to investigate the effects of biofertilization and organic extracts on vegetative growth and yield traits of kale. The experiment included two factors: Factor 1 – biofertilizers (control, yeast extract 5 g L⁻¹, Folozyme 2 g L⁻¹, Biohealth 2 g L⁻¹); Factor 2 – organic extracts (control, urea 5 g L⁻¹, amino acids 5 mL L⁻¹, humic acid 7 mL L⁻¹, seaweed extract 5 mL L⁻¹). Results showed that Folozyme significantly improved leaf number (21.77), plant height (27.57 cm), chlorophyll content (74.0 SPAD), leaf dimensions, and total yield (34.63 ton ha⁻¹). Urea application enhanced single plant yield (0.8533 kg) and total yield (34.13 ton ha⁻¹). The interaction of Biohealth + seaweed gave the tallest plants (30.58 cm), while yeast extract + seaweed maximised leaf area (4200 cm² plant⁻¹). The treatment Folozyme + amino acids produced the longest leaves (36.70 cm), and Folozyme + urea gave the widest leaves (15.20 cm). These findings demonstrate that integrated biofertilizer and organic extract applications can substantially enhance kale productivity, offering a sustainable, low input approach to produce high quality raw materials for the food industry.Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) is a nutrient dense leafy green vegetable with growing commercial value for fresh and processed food markets, owing to its high content of vitamins (A, C, K), minerals (calcium, iron), fibre, and bioactive phenolic compounds. A field experiment was conducted at the Abu Al Fadl Forest Nursery Station, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq, to investigate the effects of biofertilization and organic extracts on vegetative growth and yield traits of kale. The experiment included two factors: Factor 1 – biofertilizers (control, yeast extract 5 g L⁻¹, Folozyme 2 g L⁻¹, Biohealth 2 g L⁻¹); Factor 2 – organic extracts (control, urea 5 g L⁻¹, amino acids 5 mL L⁻¹, humic acid 7 mL L⁻¹, seaweed extract 5 mL L⁻¹). Results showed that Folozyme significantly improved leaf number (21.77), plant height (27.57 cm), chlorophyll content (74.0 SPAD), leaf dimensions, and total yield (34.63 ton ha⁻¹). Urea application enhanced single plant yield (0.8533 kg) and total yield (34.13 ton ha⁻¹). The interaction of Biohealth + seaweed gave the tallest plants (30.58 cm), while yeast extract + seaweed maximised leaf area (4200 cm² plant⁻¹). The treatment Folozyme + amino acids produced the longest leaves (36.70 cm), and Folozyme + urea gave the widest leaves (15.20 cm). These findings demonstrate that integrated biofertilizer and organic extract applications can substantially enhance kale productivity, offering a sustainable, low input approach to produce high quality raw materials for the food industry.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29218_337751565e513506b6400ca2ad6ff5df.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Intermittent Fasting versus Mediterranean Diet on HbA1c, Insulin Resistance, and Lipid Profile in Young Adults: A 4 Week Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial – Implications for Functional Food Development and Personalized NutritionIntermittent Fasting versus Mediterranean Diet on HbA1c, Insulin Resistance, and Lipid Profile in Young Adults: A 4 Week Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial – Implications for Functional Food Development and Personalized Nutrition3353492921910.48311/fsct.2026.122300.83337FAGhenaaH.AbdulkreemFaculty of Agriculture / Tikrit University - Department of Food Science - Iraq.NoorSarhan AhmedFaculty of Agriculture / Samarra University - Department of Food Science - IraqKhattabAbdulsalam KhattabFaculty of Agriculture / Tikrit University - Department of Food Science - Iraq.AnwarAhmed KhalafFaculty of Agriculture / Tikrit University - Department of Food Science - Iraq.Journal Article20260720To compare the short term effects of IF (12:12 schedule) and MED (4 week intervention) on glycemic indices (HbA1c and FBG), insulin resistance (HOMA IR), anthropometric measures (weight, waist circumference, BMI), lipid profile, and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) in young adults (20 25 years). A 4 week pilot RCT was conducted with 15 participants (10 IF, 5 MED; mean age 22.4 ± 1.6 years) stratified by metabolic status. Biological samples were analysed in triplicate (total 45 measurements). Adherence was monitored via 3 day food diaries reviewed weekly by a Registered Dietitian. Both dietary approaches improved metabolic outcomes. The IF group showed numerically larger reductions in FBG (Δ –8.44 vs. –5.80 mg/dL), waist circumference (Δ –2.79 vs. –1.90 cm), and BMI (Δ –0.54 vs. –0.38). The MED group demonstrated numerically greater reductions in total and LDL cholesterol (Δ –9.46 vs. –6.93 mg/dL) and hsCRP (Δ –0.42 vs. –0.35 mg/L). Between group differences reached nominal significance only for FBG, waist circumference, and BMI. These pilot data suggest that IF may have short term advantages in glycemic control and adiposity, while MED may offer greater anti inflammatory and lipid lowering benefits in Arab young adults. These findings provide a rationale for developing functional food products tailored to each dietary pattern and for integrating chrono nutrition principles into food formulation. From an industrial perspective, IF-optimized products could include meal replacements or snacks designed for specific eating windows, while MED-inspired products could focus on polyphenol-rich, prebiotic-fortified formulations targeting inflammation and cardiovascular health.To compare the short term effects of IF (12:12 schedule) and MED (4 week intervention) on glycemic indices (HbA1c and FBG), insulin resistance (HOMA IR), anthropometric measures (weight, waist circumference, BMI), lipid profile, and high sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) in young adults (20 25 years). A 4 week pilot RCT was conducted with 15 participants (10 IF, 5 MED; mean age 22.4 ± 1.6 years) stratified by metabolic status. Biological samples were analysed in triplicate (total 45 measurements). Adherence was monitored via 3 day food diaries reviewed weekly by a Registered Dietitian. Both dietary approaches improved metabolic outcomes. The IF group showed numerically larger reductions in FBG (Δ –8.44 vs. –5.80 mg/dL), waist circumference (Δ –2.79 vs. –1.90 cm), and BMI (Δ –0.54 vs. –0.38). The MED group demonstrated numerically greater reductions in total and LDL cholesterol (Δ –9.46 vs. –6.93 mg/dL) and hsCRP (Δ –0.42 vs. –0.35 mg/L). Between group differences reached nominal significance only for FBG, waist circumference, and BMI. These pilot data suggest that IF may have short term advantages in glycemic control and adiposity, while MED may offer greater anti inflammatory and lipid lowering benefits in Arab young adults. These findings provide a rationale for developing functional food products tailored to each dietary pattern and for integrating chrono nutrition principles into food formulation. From an industrial perspective, IF-optimized products could include meal replacements or snacks designed for specific eating windows, while MED-inspired products could focus on polyphenol-rich, prebiotic-fortified formulations targeting inflammation and cardiovascular health.https://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29219_a2667dd894062c9ca2a4602cb4718f52.pdfانجمن علوم و صنایع غذایی ایرانمجله علوم و صنایع غذایی ایران2008-878723176-ویژه نامه20260923Development of Sustainable Active Biocomposite Films from Rice Flour, Carrageenan, and Date Pit Extract for Enhanced Food Packaging and Shelf Life Extension of Perishable Dairy ProductsDevelopment of Sustainable Active Biocomposite Films from Rice Flour, Carrageenan, and Date Pit Extract for Enhanced Food Packaging and Shelf Life Extension of Perishable Dairy Products3503602922010.48311/fsct.2026.122305.83342FAShahadR. MutlaqDepartment of Food Science / College of AgricultureSabraaSaad YaseenDepartment of Food Science / College of AgricultureSaraS. Faiad2Department of Food Science / College of AgricultureJournal Article20260720This study developed novel biocomposite active films from rice flour (a low cost agricultural by product) and carrageenan, reinforced with polyphenol rich date pit extract (DPE) at 0, 1, 2, and 3% (w/w), using glycerol as a plasticizer and the solvent casting method. The optimal formulation (T2, 2% DPE) significantly improved mechanical performance, increasing tensile strength by approximately 44% to 25.8 MPa, while achieving the lowest water vapor permeability (6.47 × 10⁻¹¹ g/m·s·Pa). FTIR and SEM analyses confirmed robust hydrogen bonding and homogeneous microstructural distribution at 2% DPE, whereas 3% loading caused molecular aggregation and phase separation. The active films exhibited a substantial increase in total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS), maintaining exceptional biochemical stability over 12 weeks of storage. The soil burial test verified rapid biodegradation (95 100% within 30 days), confirming environmental sustainability. Preliminary application on soft cheese demonstrated that T2 and T3 films maintained total viable counts below the spoilage threshold (7 log CFU/g) throughout 21 days of refrigerated storage, extending shelf life by 2 4 days compared to control films. From an industrial perspective, these films offer multiple benefits: (i) reducing dependence on synthetic plastics through the use of renewable agricultural by products; (ii) extending the shelf life of perishable dairy products through controlled release of bioactive phenolic compounds; (iii) reducing food waste and associated economic losses; and (iv) meeting growing consumer demand for clean label, environmentally sustainable packagingThis study developed novel biocomposite active films from rice flour (a low cost agricultural by product) and carrageenan, reinforced with polyphenol rich date pit extract (DPE) at 0, 1, 2, and 3% (w/w), using glycerol as a plasticizer and the solvent casting method. The optimal formulation (T2, 2% DPE) significantly improved mechanical performance, increasing tensile strength by approximately 44% to 25.8 MPa, while achieving the lowest water vapor permeability (6.47 × 10⁻¹¹ g/m·s·Pa). FTIR and SEM analyses confirmed robust hydrogen bonding and homogeneous microstructural distribution at 2% DPE, whereas 3% loading caused molecular aggregation and phase separation. The active films exhibited a substantial increase in total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS), maintaining exceptional biochemical stability over 12 weeks of storage. The soil burial test verified rapid biodegradation (95 100% within 30 days), confirming environmental sustainability. Preliminary application on soft cheese demonstrated that T2 and T3 films maintained total viable counts below the spoilage threshold (7 log CFU/g) throughout 21 days of refrigerated storage, extending shelf life by 2 4 days compared to control films. From an industrial perspective, these films offer multiple benefits: (i) reducing dependence on synthetic plastics through the use of renewable agricultural by products; (ii) extending the shelf life of perishable dairy products through controlled release of bioactive phenolic compounds; (iii) reducing food waste and associated economic losses; and (iv) meeting growing consumer demand for clean label, environmentally sustainable packaginghttps://fsct.modares.ac.ir/article_29220_127eeffce3105803c5cbd2aa9428ef5c.pdf